Summary of medicine characteristics - Xermelo
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Xermelo 250 mg film-coated tablets
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each film-coated tablet contains telotristat etiprate equivalent to 250 mg telotristat ethyl.
Excipient with known effect
Each tablet contains 168 mg of lactose.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablet.
White to off-white film-coated oval tablets (approximately 17 mm long by 7.5 mm wide) with ‘T-E’ debossed on one side and ‘250’ debossed on the other side.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications
Xermelo is indicated for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhoea in combination with somatostatin analogue (SSA) therapy in adults inadequately controlled by SSA therapy.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
The recommended dose is 250 mg three times daily (tid).
Available data suggest that clinical response is usually achieved within 12 weeks of treatment.
It is recommended to reassess the benefit of continued therapy in a patient not responding within this time period.
Based on the high inter-subject variability observed, accumulation in a subset of patients with carcinoid syndrome cannot be excluded. Therefore, intake of higher doses is not recommended (see section 5.2).
Missed doses
In the event of a missed dose, patients should take their subsequent dose at the next scheduled time point. Patients should not take a double dose to make up for a missed dose.
Elderly (65 years of age and above)
No specific dose recommendations are available for elderly patients (see section 5.2).
Renal impairment
No change in dose is required in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment; who are not requiring dialysis (see section 5.2). As a precautionary measure, it is recommended that patients with severe renal impairment will be monitored for signs of reduced tolerability.
The use of Xermelo is not recommended in patients with end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (eGFR < 15 mL/min requiring dialysis) because efficacy and safety of Xermelo in these patients has not been established.
Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child Pugh score A), it may be necessary to reduce the dose to 250 mg twice daily according to tolerability. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh score B), it may be necessary to reduce the dose to 250 mg once daily according to tolerability. The use of telotristat is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh score C) (see section 5.2).
Paediatric population
There is no relevant use of telotristat in the paediatric population in the indication of carcinoid syndrome.
Method of administration
Oral use
Xermelo should be taken with food (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hepatic enzymes elevations
Elevations in hepatic enzymes were observed in clinical trials (see section 4.8). Laboratory monitoring of hepatic enzymes prior to and during telotristat therapy is recommended as clinically indicated. In patients with hepatic impairment, continuous monitoring for adverse events and worsening of liver function is recommended.
Patients who develop symptoms suggestive of hepatic dysfunction should have liver enzymes tested and telotristat should be discontinued if liver injury is suspected. Therapy with telotristat should not be resumed unless the liver injury can be explained by another cause.
Constipation
Telotristat reduces bowel movement (BM) frequency. Constipation was reported in patients using a higher dose (500 mg). Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of constipation. If constipation develops, the use of telotristat and other concomitant therapies affecting bowel motility should be re-evaluated.
Depressive disorders
Depression, depressed mood and decreased interest have been reported in clinical trials and from post- marketing in some patients treated with telotristat (see section 4.8). Patients should be advised to report any symptoms of depression, depressed mood and decreased interest to their physicians.
Excipients
Lactose
Xermelo contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Sodium
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially “sodium-free”.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Effect of other medicinal products on Xermelo
Short acting octreotide
Concomitant administration of short-acting octreotide with Xermelo significantly decreased the systemic exposure of telotristat ethyl and telotristat, the active metabolite (see section 5.2).
Short- acting octreotide should be administered at least 30 minutes after administration of Xermelo if treatment with short-acting octreotide is needed in combination with Xermelo.
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) inhibitors
The IC50 of the inhibition of loperamide on the metabolism of telotristat ethyl by CES2 was 5.2 pM (see section 5.2). In phase 3 clinical trials, telotristat was routinely combined with loperamide with no evidence of safety concerns.
Effect of Xermelo on other medicinal products
CYP2B6 substrates
Telotristat induced CYP2B6 in vitro (see section 5.2). Concomitant use of Xermelo may decrease the efficacy of medicinal products that are CYP2B6 substrates (e.g. valproic acid, bupropion, sertraline) by decreasing their systemic exposure. Monitoring for suboptimal efficacy is recommended.
CYP3A4 substrates
Concomitant use of Xermelo may decrease the efficacy of medicinal products that are CYP3A4 substrates (e.g. midazolam, everolimus, sunitinib, simvastatin, ethinyloestradiol, amlodipine, cyclosporine…) by decreasing their systemic exposure (see section 5.2). Monitoring for suboptimal efficacy is recommended.
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) substrates
Concomitant use of Xermelo may change the exposure of medicinal products that are CES2 substrates (e.g. prasugrel, irinotecan, capecitabine and flutamide) (see section 5.2). If co-administration is unavoidable, monitor for suboptimal efficacy and safety events.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential
Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception during treatment with telotristat.
Pregnancy
There are no data from the use of telotristat in pregnant women. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Xermelo is not recommended during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether telotristat ethyl and its metabolite are excreted in human breast milk. A risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Patients should not breast-feed during telotristat treatment.
Fertility
No studies on the effect of telotristat on human fertility have been conducted. Telotristat had no effect on fertility in animal studies (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Telotristat has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Fatigue may occur following administration of telotristat (see section 4.8).
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in patients treated with telotristat were abdominal pain (26%), gamma-glutamyl transferase increased (11%) and fatigue (10%). They were generally of mild or moderate intensity. The most frequently reported adverse reaction leading to discontinuation of telotristat was abdominal pain in 7.1% of patients (5/70).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions reported in a pooled safety dataset of 70 patients with carcinoid syndrome receiving telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid in combination with SSA therapy in placebo-controlled clinical trials are listed in Table 1. Adverse reactions are listed by MedDRA body system organ class and by frequency using the following convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1 000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000), very rare (< 1/10 000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness
Table 1 – Adverse reactions reported in patients treated with Xermelo
| System organ class | Very common | Common | Uncommon |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Decreased appetite | ||
| Psychiatric disorders | Depression, depressed mood | ||
| Nervous system disorders | Headache | ||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Abdominal paina, nausea | Abdominal distension, constipation, flatulence | Faecalomac, intestinal obstruction |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Gammaglutamyltransferase increasedb | Alanine aminotransferase increased (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase increased (AST), blood alkaline phosphatase increased (ALP) | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue | Oedema peripheral, pyrexia | |
| a Abdominal pain (including upper and lower a | bdominal pain) | ||
b Gamma-glutamyl transferase increased (including preferred terms of gamma-glutamyl transferase increased, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and liver function test abnormal / hepatic enzyme increased for which gamma-glutamyl transferase was increased).
c Faecaloma has only been observed in a clinical study at a dose of 500 mg tid (twice the recommended dose).
Description of selected adverse reactions
Hepatic enzymes elevations
Elevations in ALT > 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or ALP > 2 ULN have been reported in patients receiving therapy with telotristat, most cases being reported at a higher dose (500 mg). These have not been associated with concomitant elevations in total serum bilirubin. The increases were largely reversible on dose interruption or reduction, or recovered whilst maintaining treatment at the same dose. For clinical management of elevated hepatic enzymes, see section 4.4.
Gastrointestinal disorders
The most frequently reported adverse event in patients receiving telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid was abdominal pain (25.7%; 18/70) versus placebo (19.7%; 14/71). Abdominal distension was reported in 7.1% of patients (5/70) receiving telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid, versus 4.2% in the placebo group (3/71). Flatulence was seen in 5.7% of patients (4/70) and 1.4% (1/71) in the telotristat ethyl 250 mg and placebo groups, respectively. Most events were mild or moderate and did not limit study treatment. Constipation was reported in 5.7% of patients (4/70) in the telotristat ethyl 250 mg group and in 4.2% of patients (3/71) in the placebo group. Serious constipation was observed in 3 patients treated with a higher dose (500 mg) in the overall safety population (239 patients).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms
There is limited clinical experience with telotristat overdose in humans. Gastrointestinal disorders including nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting have been reported in healthy subjects taking a single dose of 1 500 mg in a phase 1 study.
Management
Treatment of an overdose should include general symptomatic management.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other alimentary tract and metabolism products, Various alimentary tract and metabolism products, ATC code: A16AX15
Mechanism of action
Both the prodrug (telotristat ethyl) and its active metabolite (telotristat) are inhibitors of L-tryptophan hydroxylases (TPH1 and TPH2, the rate limiting steps in serotonin biosynthesis). Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating several major physiological processes, including secretion, motility, inflammation, and sensation of the gastrointestinal tract, and is over-secreted in patients with carcinoid syndrome. Through inhibition of peripheral TPH1, telotristat reduces the production of serotonin, thus alleviating symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome.
Pharmacodynamic effects
In phase 1 studies, dosing with telotristat ethyl in healthy subjects (dose range: 100 mg once daily to 500 mg tid) produced statistically significant reductions from baseline in whole blood serotonin and 24-hour urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (u5-HIAA) compared with placebo.
In patients with carcinoid syndrome, telotristat resulted in reductions in u5-HIAA (refer to Table 3 for TELESTAR and information provided for TELECAST). Statistically significant reductions in u5-HIAA were seen for telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid compared with placebo in both phase 3 studies.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy and safety of telotristat for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumours who were receiving SSA therapy was established in a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multicentre phase 3 trial in adult patients, which included a 36-week extension during which all patients were treated with open-label telotristat (TELESTAR study).
A total of 135 patients were evaluated for efficacy. The mean age was 64 years (range 37 to 88 years), 52% were male and 90% were white. All patients had well-differentiated metastatic neuroendocrine tumours and carcinoid syndrome. They were on SSA therapy and had > 4 daily BM.
The study included a 12-week double-blind treatment (DBT) period, in which patients initially received placebo (n = 45), telotristat ethyl 250 mg (n = 45) or a higher dose (telotristat ethyl 500 mg; n = 45) tid. During the study, patients were allowed to use rescue medication (short-acting SSA therapy) and anti-diarrhoeals for symptomatic relief but were required to be on stable-dose long-acting SSA therapy for the duration of the DBT period. Xermelo was taken within 15 minutes before, or within 1 hour after food.
Table 2: BM response (TELESTAR study)
| Parameter | Placebo | Telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid | |
| BMs/day at baseline | Number of patients | 45 | 45 |
| Baseline mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.35) | 6.1 (2.07) | |
| Primary endpoint: | Number of patients | 45 | 45 |
| change from baseline in BMs/day averaged over 12 weeks | Change averaged over 12 weeks: mean (SD) | –0.6 (0.83) | –1.4 (1.37) |
| Least square mean difference | --- | –0.6 | |
| ANCOVAa | 97.5% CL for difference | --- | –1.16, –0.06 |
| p value | --- | 0.01 | |
| Percentage of | Number of patients | 45 | 45 |
| patients with durable responseb | Responder, n (%) | 9 (20.0) | 20 (44.4)c |
| BM = bowel movement | ; CL=confidence limit; tid=three times daily; SD= | =standard deviation. | |
| |||
| > 50% of time over the DBT period. | |||
| c. p =0.01 | |||
When the full effect of telotristat is observed (during the last 6 weeks of the DBT period) the proportion of responders with at least 30% BM reduction was 51% (23/45) in the 250 mg group versus 22% (10/45) in the placebo group (post-hoc analysis).
In the 12-week DBT period of the study, average weekly reductions in BM frequency on telotristat were observed as early as 3 weeks, with the greatest reductions occurring during the last 6 weeks of the DBT period, compared with placebo (refer to Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Mean change from baseline in BMs by study week during the DBT period, intent-to-treat population
Study week
Note: This figure plots the arithmetic mean and 95% confidence limits (CL) (based on normal approximation) of the change from baseline in the number of daily bowel movements (counts/day) averaged at each week.
The proportions of patients reporting reductions from baseline in daily BM frequency (averaged over 12 weeks) were:
– Patients with a mean reduction of at least 1 BM per day: 66.7% (telotristat ethyl 250 mg) and
-
31.1 % (placebo);
-
– Patients with a mean reduction of at least 1.5 BM per day: 46.7% (telotristat ethyl 250 mg) and 20.0% (placebo);
-
– Patients with a mean reduction of at least 2 BM per day: 33.3% (telotristat ethyl 250 mg) and 4.4% (placebo).
Table 3: u5-HIAA excretion at baseline and week 12 (TELESTAR study)
| Parameter | Placebo | Telotristat ethyl 250 mg tid | |
| u5-HIAA excretion | Number of patients | 44 | 42 |
| (mg/24 hours) at baseline | Baseline meana (SD) | 81.0 (161.01) | 92.6 (114.90) |
| Percent change from baseline in u5-HIAA excretion (mg/24 hours) at week 12 | Number of patients | 28 | 32 |
| Percent change at week 12: Mean (SD) | 14.4 (57.80) | –42.3 (41.96) | |
| Estimate of treatment difference (95% CL)b | --- | –53.4 c (-69.32, –38.79) |
CL=confidence limit; tid=three times daily; SD=standard deviation; u5-HIAA = urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.
-
a. Baseline data based on all patients with data at baseline.
-
b. Statistical tests used a blocked 2-sample Wilcoxon Rank Sum statistic (van Elteren test) stratified by the u5-HIAA stratification at randomisation. CLs were based on the Hodges-Lehmann estimator of the median paired difference.
-
c. p < 0.001
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The pharmacokinetics of telotristat ethyl and its active metabolite have been characterised in healthy volunteers and patients with carcinoid syndrome.
Absorption
After oral administration to healthy volunteers, telotristat ethyl was rapidly absorbed, and almost completely converted to its active metabolite. Peak plasma levels of telotristat ethyl were achieved in 0.53 to 2.00 hours and those of the active metabolite in 1.50 to 3.00 hours after oral administration.
Following administration of a single 500 mg dose of telotristat ethyl (twice the recommended dose) under fasted conditions in healthy subjects, the mean Cmax and AUC0-inf were 4.4 ng/mL and 6.23 ng^hr/mL, respectively for telotristat ethyl. The mean Cmax and AUCo-inf were 610 ng/mL and 2 320 ng^hr/mL, respectively for telotristat.
In patients with carcinoid syndrome on long-acting SSA therapy, there was also a rapid conversion of telotristat ethyl to its active metabolite. A high variability (% CV range of 18% to 99%) in telotristat ethyl and its active metabolite parameters was observed within the overall PK. The mean PK parameters for telotristat ethyl and the active metabolite appeared unchanged between week 24 and week 48, suggesting the achievement of steady-state conditions at or prior to week 24.
Food effect
In a food effect study administration of telotristat ethyl 500 mg with a high-fat meal resulted in higher exposure to the parent compound (Cmax, AUCo-tlast, and AUCo-v being 112%, 272%, and 264% higher, respectively compared with the fasted state) and its active metabolite (Cmax, AUCo-tlast, and AUCo-v, 47%, 32%, and 33% higher, respectively compared with the fasted state).
Distribution
Both telotristat ethyl and its active metabolite are > 99% bound to human plasma proteins.
Biotransformation
After oral administration, telotristat ethyl undergoes hydrolysis via carboxylesterases to its active and major metabolite. The only metabolite of telotristat (active metabolite) representing consistently > 1o% of total plasma drug-related material was its oxidative decarboxylated deaminated metabolite, LP-951757. Systemic exposure to LP-951757 was about 35% of the systemic exposure to telotristat (active metabolite) in the mass balance study. LP-951757 was pharmacologically inactive at TPH1 in vitro.
Interactions
Cytochromes
CYP2B6
In vitro telotristat (active metabolite) caused a concentration dependent increase in CYP2B6 mRNA levels (> 2-fold increase and > 2o% of the positive control, with a maximum observed effect similar to the positive control), suggesting possible CYP2B6 induction (see section 4.5).
CYP3A4
Telotristat ethyl and its active metabolite were not shown to be inducers of CYP3A4 at systemically relevant concentrations, based on in vitro findings. The potential of telotristat ethyl as an inducer of CYP3A4 was not assessed at concentrations expectable at the intestinal level, due to its low solubility in vitro.
In vitro telotristat ethyl engages in an allosteric interaction with CYP3A4 resulting at the same time in a reduced conversion of midazolam to 1’-OH-MDZ, and increased conversion to 4-OH-MDZ.
In an in vivo clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study with midazolam (a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate), following administration of multiple doses of telotristat ethyl, the systemic exposure to concomitant midazolam was significantly decreased (see section 4.5). When 3 mg midazolam was coadministered orally after 5-day treatment with telotristat ethyl 5oo mg tid (twice the recommended dose), the mean Cmax, and AUCo-inf for midazolam were decreased by 25%, and 48%, respectively, compared with administration of midazolam alone. The mean Cmax, and AUCo-inf for the active metabolite, 1’-hydroxymidazolam, were also decreased by 34%, and 48%, respectively.
Other CYPs
Based on in vitro findings, no clinically-relevant interaction is expected with other cytochromes P45o.
Carboxylesterases
The IC5O of the inhibition of loperamide on the metabolism of telotristat ethyl by CES2 was 5.2 ^M (see section 4.5).
In vitro , telotristat ethyl inhibited CES2 with an IC50 approximately of 0.56 |1M.
Transporters
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multi-drug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP-2)
In vitro telotristat ethyl inhibited P-gp, but its active metabolite did not at the clinically relevant concentrations.
Telotristat ethyl inhibited MRP2-mediated transport (98% inhibition).
In a specific clinical DDI study, the Cmax and AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp and MRP-2 substrate) increased by 16% when a single 180 mg dose of fexofenadine was co-administered orally with a dose of telotristat ethyl 500 mg administered tid (twice the recommended dose) for 5 days. Based on the small increase observed, clinically meaningful interactions with P-gp and MRP-2 substrates are unlikely.
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)
In vitro telotristat ethyl inhibited BCRP (IC50 = 20 ^M), but its active metabolite telotristat did not show any significant inhibition of BCRP activity (IC50 > 30 ^M). The potential for in vivo drug interaction via inhibition of BCRP is considered low.
Other transporters
Based on in vitro findings, no clinically-relevant interaction is expected with other transporters.
Short-acting octreotide
A study examining the effect of short-acting octreotide (3 doses of 20(bmicrograms given 8^hours apart) on the single dose pharmacokinetics of Xermelo in normal healthy volunteers showed an 83% and 81% decrease in Cmax and AUC of telotristat ethyl and telotristat, respectively (see section 4.5). Reduced exposures were not observed in a 12^week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multicentre clinical trial in adult patients with carcinoid syndrome on long-acting SSA therapy.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship(s)
Acid reducers
Concomitant use of telotristat etiprate (Xermelo, the hippurate salt of telotristat ethyl) with acidreducers (omeprazole and famotidine) showed that the AUC of telotristat ethyl was increased 2–3 fold, while the AUC of the active metabolite (telotristat) was not changed. Since telotristat ethyl is rapidly converted to its active metabolite, which is > 25 x more active than telotristat ethyl, no dose adjustments are required when using Xermelo with acid reducers.
Elimination
Following a single 500 mg oral dose of 14C-telotristat ethyl, approximately 93% of the dose was recovered. The majority was eliminated in the faeces.
Telotristat ethyl and telotristat have a low renal elimination following oral administration (less than 1% of the dose recovered from the urine).
Following a single oral 250 mg dose of telotristat ethyl to heathy volunteers, urine concentrations of telotristat ethyl were close to or below the limit of quantification (< 0.1 ng/mL). The renal clearance of telotristat was 0.126 L/h.
The apparent half-life of telotristat ethyl in normal healthy volunteers following a single 500 mg oral dose 14C-telotristat ethyl was approximately 0.6 hour and that of its active metabolite was 5 hours. Following administration of 500 mg tid, the apparent terminal half-life was approximately 11 hours.
Linearity/non-linearity
In patients treated at 250 mg tid, a slight accumulation of telotristat levels was observed with a median accumulation ratio based on AUC0–4h of 1.55 [minimum, 0.25; maximum, 5.00; n = 11; week 12], with a high inter-subject variability (%CV = 72%). In patients treated at 500 mg tid (twice the recommended dose), a median accumulation ratio based on AUC0–4h of 1.095 (minimum, 0.274; maximum, 11.46; n = 16; week 24) was observed, with a high inter-subject variability (%CV = 141.8%).
Based on the high inter-subject variability observed, accumulation in a subset of patients with CS cannot be excluded.
Special populations
Elderly
The influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of telotristat ethyl and its active metabolite has not been conclusively evaluated. No specific study has been performed in the elderly population.
Renal impairment
A study was conducted to investigate the impact of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of telotristat ethyl 250 mg. Eight subjects with severe to moderate renal impairment not requiring dialysis [eGFR < 33 mL/min at screening and <40 mL/min at the day prior to dosing] and eight healthy to mildly impaired subjects [eGFR > 88 mL/min at screening and > 83 mL/min at the day prior to dosing] were included in this study.
In the subjects with severe to moderate renal impairment, an increase (1.3-fold) in peak exposure Cmax of telotristat ethyl and an increase (< 1.52-fold) in plasma exposure (AUC) and Cmax of its active metabolite telotristat was observed compared to healthy to mildly impaired subjects.
Variability of the main plasma telotristat PK parameters was higher in subjects with severe to moderate renal impairment, with CV% ranging from 53.3% for Cmax to 77.3% for AUC as compared to 45.4% for Cmax and 39.7% for AUC in healthy to mildly impaired subjects, respectively.
Administration of a single dose of 250 mg was well tolerated in subjects with severe to moderate renal impairment.
Overall, severe to moderate renal impairment did not result in a clinically meaningful change in the PK profile or safety of telotristat ethyl and its metabolite telotristat. Therefore, dose adjustment does not appear necessary in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment; who are not requiring dialysis. Given the high variability observed, it is recommended as a precautionary measure that patients with severe renal impairment will be monitored for signs of reduced tolerability.
The efficacy and safety in patients with end-stage renal disease who require dialysis (eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 requiring dialysis) has not been established.
Hepatic impairment
A hepatic impairment study was conducted in subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment and in healthy subjects. At a single dose of 500 mg, exposures to the parent compound and its active metabolite (based on AUC0-last) were higher in patients with mild hepatic impairment (2.3– and 2.4-fold, respectively) and in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (3.2– and 3.5-fold, respectively) compared with healthy subjects. Administration of a single dose of 500 mg was well tolerated. A reduction in dose may be necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (respectively Child Pugh score A and B) based on tolerability (see section 4.2).
A further hepatic impairment study was conducted in subjects with severe hepatic impairment and in healthy subjects. At a single dose of 250 mg, exposure to the parent compound (AUCt and Cmax) was increased 317.0% and 529.5%, respectively, and to the active metabolite (AUCt, AUCinf, and Cmax) 497%, 500%, and 217%, respectively, for subjects with severe hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. In addition, the half-life of the active metabolite was increased, i.e. the mean half life was 16.0 hours in subjects with severe hepatic impairment compared to 5.47 hours in healthy subjects. Based on these findings, the use of telotristat etiprate is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh score C) (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeat dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential.
In rats decrease in brain serotonin (5-HT) was observed at doses > 1 000 mg/kg/day of telotristat etiprate per os. Brain 5-HIAA levels were unchanged at all doses of telotristat ethyl examined. This is approximately 14 times the human exposure (AUC total) at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 750 mg/day for the active metabolite LP-778902.
In a 26-week repeat-dose toxicity study in rats a No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 50 mg/kg/day was determined. This is approximately 0.4 times the human exposure (AUC total) at MRHD of 750 mg/day for the active metabolite LP-778902. At doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg/day degeneration/necrosis in the nonglandular and/or glandular portions of the stomach and/or increased protein droplets in the glandular portions were observed. The microscopic changes in the gastrointestinal tract reversed with a 4-week recovery period. Relevance of these gastrointestinal findings to humans is unknown.
In dogs decreases in brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were observed at dose of 200 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day of telotristat etiprate per os, respectively. This is approximately 21 times the human exposure (AUC total) at MRHD of 750 mg/day for the active metabolite LP-778902. No decrease in brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were observed after intravenous application of active metabolite. The clinical significance of the decrease in brain 5-HIAA with or without a concomitant decrease in brain 5-HT is unknown.
In a 39-week repeat-dose toxicity study in dogs NOAEL of 300 mg/kg/day was determined. Clinical signs were limited to increase in frequency of liquid faeces at all doses. This is approximately 20 times the human exposure (AUC total) at MRHD of 750 mg/day for the active metabolite LP-778902.
The carcinogenic potential of telotristat etiprate was studied in transgenic mice (26 weeks) and rats (104 weeks). These studies confirmed that telotristat did not increase the incidence of tumours in both species and sexes, at doses corresponding to an exposure of approximately 10– to 15-fold and 2– to 4.5-fold the human exposure to the active metabolite at the MRHD in mice and rats, respectively.
In rats, there were no adverse effects on male and female fertility. Prenatal development in rats and rabbits was affected by increased prenatal lethality (increased early and late resorptions), while no adverse effects were noted on postnatal development in rats. The NOAEL for parental / maternal / prenatal and postnatal toxicity is 500 mg/kg/day in rats corresponding to 3 to 4 times the estimated human exposure (AUC0–24) of the active metabolite LP-778902 at the MRHD. In rabbits the NOAEL for maternal and prenatal toxicity is 125 mg/kg/d corresponding to 1.5 to 4 times the estimated human exposure (AUC0–24) of the active metabolite LP-778902 at the MRHD.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Lactose
Hydroxypropylcellulose
Croscarmellose sodium
Magnesium stearate
Colloidal anhydrous silica
Film-coating
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (E1203)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Macrogol 3350 (E1521)
Talc (E553b)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
5 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/PCTFE/PVC/Al blister
The blisters are packaged in a carton.
Pack sizes of 90 and 180 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Ipsen Pharma
65 quai Georges Gorse
92100 Boulogne-Billancourt
France
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
EU/1/17/1224/001
EU/1/17/1224/002
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 18 September 2017