Drovelis - summary of medicine characteristics

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Drovelis 3 mg/14.2 mg film-coated tablets

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each pink active tablet contains 3 mg drospirenone and estetrol monohydrate equivalent to 14.2 mg estetrol.

Each white placebo tablet does not contain active substances.

Excipient with known effect

Each pink active tablet contains 40 mg lactose monohydrate.

Each white placebo tablet contains 68 mg lactose monohydrate.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Film-coated tablet (tablet).

The active film-coated tablet is pink, 6 mm diameter, round, biconvex with a drop-shaped logo embossed on one side.

The placebo film-coated tablet is white to off-white, 6 mm diameter, round, biconvex with a drop-shaped logo embossed on one side.

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications

Oral contraception.

The decision to prescribe Drovelis should take into consideration the individual woman’s current risk factors, particularly those for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and how the risk of VTE with Drovelis compares with other combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology and method of administration

How to take Drovelis

Oral use.

One tablet is to be taken daily for 28 consecutive days. The tablets must be taken every day at about the same time, if necessary, with a little liquid, in the order shown on the blister pack. Each pack starts with 24 pink active tablets, followed by 4 white placebo tablets. Each subsequent pack is started the day after the last tablet of the previous pack.

Stickers marked with the 7 days of the week are provided, and the relevant weekday sticker should be stuck on the tablet blister as an indicator of when the first tablet has been taken.

Withdrawal bleeding usually starts on day 2–3 after starting the white placebo tablets and may not have finished before the next pack is started. See ‘Cycle control’ in section 4.4.

How to start Drovelis

• • No preceding hormonal contraceptive use (in the past month)

Tablet-taking has to start on day 1 of the woman’s menstrual cycle, i.e., the first day of her menstrual bleeding, and when doing so, no additional contraceptive measures are necessary.

If the first tablet is taken on days 2 to 5 of the woman’s menstru­ation, this medicinal product will not be effective until after the first 7 consecutive days of pink active tablet-taking. A reliable barrier method of contraception such as a condom must therefore be used additionally during these first 7 days. The possibility of pregnancy should be considered before starting Drovelis.

• • Changing from a CHC (combined oral contraceptive (COC), vaginal ring or transdermal patch)

The woman should start with Drovelis preferably on the day after the last active tablet (the last tablet containing the active substances) of her previous COC, but at the latest on the day following the usual tablet-free or placebo tablet interval of her previous COC.

In case a vaginal ring or transdermal patch has been used the woman should start using Drovelis preferably on the day of removal, but at the latest when the next application would have been due.

• • Changing from a progestogen-only-method (progestogen-only pill, injection, implant) or from a

progestogen-releasing intrauterine system (IUS)

The woman may switch any day from the progestogen-only pill (from an implant or the IUS on the day of its removal, from an injectable when the next injection would be due) but should in all of these cases be advised to additionally use a barrier method for the first 7 consecutive days of tablet-taking.

• • Following first-trimester abortion

The woman may start immediately. When doing so, she needs not take additional contraceptive measures.

• • Following delivery or second-trimester abortion

Women should be advised to start between day 21 and 28 after delivery or second-trimester abortion. When starting later, the woman should be advised to additionally use a barrier method for the first 7 days. However, if intercourse has already occurred, pregnancy should be excluded before the actual start of CHC use or the woman has to wait for her first menstrual period.

For breast-feeding women see section 4.6.

Management of missed tablets

White placebo tablets from the last row of the blister can be disregarded. However, they should be discarded to avoid unintentionally prolonging the placebo tablet phase.

The following advice only refers to missed pink active tablets :

If the user is less than 24 hours late in taking any pink active tablet, contraceptive protection is not reduced. The woman should take the tablet as soon as possible and should take further tablets at the usual time.

If she is more than 24 hours late in taking any pink active tablet, contraceptive protection may be reduced. The management of missed tablets can be guided by the following two basic rules:

• 1. The recommended hormone-free tablet interval is 4 days, tablet-taking must never be

discontinued for longer than 4 days.

• 2. Seven days of uninterrupted pink active tablet-taking are required to attain adequate suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-axis.

Accordingly, the following advice can be given in daily practice:

Day 1–7

The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as possible, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time. She then continues to take tablets at her usual time. In addition, a barrier method such as a condom should be used until she has completed 7 days of uninterrupted pink active tablet-taking. If intercourse took place in the preceding 7 days, the possibility of a pregnancy should be considered. The more tablets are missed and the closer they are to the placebo tablet phase, the higher the risk of a pregnancy.

Day 8–17

The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as possible, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time. She then continues to take tablets at her usual time. Provided that the woman has taken her tablets correctly in the 7 days preceding the first missed tablet, there is no need to use extra contraceptive precautions. However, if she has missed more than 1 tablet, the woman should be advised to use extra precautions until she has completed 7 days of uninterrupted pink active tablettaking.

Day 18–24

The risk of reduced reliability is imminent because of the forthcoming placebo tablet phase. However, by adjusting the tablet-intake schedule, reduced contraceptive protection can still be prevented. By adhering to either of the following two options, there is therefore no need to use extra contraceptive precautions, provided that in the 7 days preceding the first missed tablet the woman has taken all tablets correctly. If this is not the case, she should follow the first of these two options and use extra precautions until she has completed 7 days of uninterrupted pink active tablet-taking as well.

• 1. The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as possible, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time. She then continues to take tablets at her usual time until the pink active tablets are used up. The 4 white placebo tablets from the last row must be discarded. The next blister pack must be started right away. The user is unlikely to have a withdrawal bleed until the end of the pink active tablets section of the second pack, but she may experience spotting or breakthrough bleeding on pink active tablet-taking days.

• 2. The woman may also be advised to discontinue pink active tablet-taking from the current blister pack. She should then take white placebo tablets from the last row for up to 4 days, including the days she missed tablets, and subsequently continue with the next blister pack.

If the woman missed tablets and subsequently has no withdrawal bleeding in the placebo tablet phase, the possibility of a pregnancy should be considered.

Advice in case of gastro-intestinal disturbances

In case of severe gastro-intestinal disturbances (e.g., vomiting or diarrhoea), absorption may not be complete and additional contraceptive measures should be taken. If vomiting occurs within 3–4 hours after pink active tablet-taking, a new (replacement) tablet should be taken as soon as possible. The new pink active tablet should be taken within 24 hours of the usual time of tablet-taking if possible. If more than 24 hours elapse, the advice concerning missed tablets, as given in section 4.2 “Management of missed tablets ”, is applicable. If the woman does not want to change her normal tablet-taking schedule, she has to take the extra pink active tablet(s) from another blister pack.

How to postpone a withdrawal bleed

To delay a period the woman should continue with another blister pack of Drovelis without taking the white placebo tablets from her current pack. The extension can be carried on for as long as wished until the end of the pink active tablets in the second pack. During the extension the woman may experience breakthrough-bleeding or spotting. Regular intake of Drovelis is then resumed after the placebo tablet phase.

To shift her periods to another day of the week than the woman is used to with her current scheme, she can be advised to shorten her forthcoming placebo tablet phase by as many days as she likes. The shorter the interval, the higher the risk that she does not have a withdrawal bleed and will experience breakthrough-bleeding and spotting during the subsequent pack (just as when delaying a period).

Special populations

Elderly

Drovelis is not indicated after menopause.

Renal impairment

Drovelis has not been specifically studied in patients with renal impairment. Drovelis is contraindicated in women with severe renal insufficiency (see section 4.3).

Hepatic impairment

No clinical studies have been performed with Drovelis in patients with hepatic impairment. Drovelis is contraindicated in women with severe hepatic disease as long as liver function values have not returned to normal (see section 4.3).

Paediatric population

Drovelis is only indicated after menarche. The safety and efficacy of Drovelis in adolescents aged under 16 years of age has not been established. No data are available.

4.3 Contraindications

As no epidemiological data are yet available for estetrol-containing CHCs, the contraindications for ethinylestradiol- containing CHCs are considered applicable to the use of Drovelis. CHCs should not be used in the following conditions. Should any of the conditions appear for the first time during Drovelis use, the medicinal product should be stopped immediately.

• – Presence or risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)

• – VTE – current VTE (on anticoagulants) or history of VTE (e.g., deep venous thrombosis [DVT] or pulmonary embolism [PE]).

• – Known hereditary or acquired predisposition for venous thromboembolism, such as activated protein C (APC)-resistance (including factor V Leiden), antithrombin-III-deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency.

• – Major surgery with prolonged immobilisation (see section 4.4).

• – A high risk of venous thromboembolism due to the presence of multiple risk factors (see section 4.4).

– Presence or risk of arterial thromboembolism (ATE)

• – ATE – current ATE, history of ATE (e.g., myocardial infarction [MI]) or prodromal condition (e.g., angina pectoris).

• - Cerebrovascular disease – current stroke, history of stroke or prodromal condition (e.g., transient ischaemic attack [TIA]).

• – Known hereditary or acquired predisposition for arterial thromboembolism, such as hyperhomocyste­inaemia and antiphospholipid-antibodies (anticardiolipin-antibodies, lupus anticoagulant).

• – History of migraine with focal neurological symptoms.

• – A high risk of arterial thromboembolism due to multiple risk factors (see section 4.4) or to the presence of one serious risk factor such as: –     diabetes mellitus with vascular symptoms;

• – severe hypertension;

• – severe dyslipoprotei­naemia.

• – Presence or history of severe hepatic disease as long as liver function values have not returned to

normal.

• – Severe renal insufficiency or acute renal failure.

• – Presence or history of liver tumours (benign or malignant).

• – Known or suspected sex steroid-influenced malignancies (e.g., of the genital organs or the

breasts).

• – Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding.

• – Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Warnings

If any of the conditions or risk factors mentioned below is present, the suitability of Drovelis should be discussed with the woman before she decides to start using Drovelis.

In the event of aggravation, or first appearance of any of these conditions or risk factors, the woman should be advised to contact her doctor to determine whether the use of Drovelis should be discontinued. All data presented below are based upon epidemiological data obtained with CHCs containing ethinylestradiol. Drovelis contains estetrol. As no epidemiological data are yet available with estetrol containing-CHCs, the warnings are considered applicable to the use of Drovelis.

In case of suspected or confirmed VTE or ATE, CHC use must be discontinued. In case anticoagulant therapy is started, adequate alternative non-hormonal contraception should be initiated because of the teratogenicity of anticoagulant therapy (coumarins).

Circulatory disorders

Risk of VTE

The use of any CHC increases the risk of VTE compared with no use. Products that contain low dose ethinylestradiol (<50 gg ethinylestradiol) combined with levonorgestrel, norgestimate or norethisterone are associated with the lowest risk of VTE. It is not yet known how the risk with Drovelis compares with these lower risk products. The decision to use any product other than one known to have the lowest VTE risk should be taken only after a discussion with the woman to ensure she understands the risk of VTE with CHCs, how her current risk factors influence this risk, and that her VTE risk is highest in the first ever year of use.

There is also some evidence that the risk is increased when a CHC is re-started after a break in use of 4 weeks or more.

In women who do not use a CHC and are not pregnant about 2 out of 10,000 will develop a VTE over the period of one year. However, in any individual woman the risk may be far higher, depending on her underlying risk factors (see below).

Epidemiological studies in women who use low dose (<50 ^g ethinylestradiol) combined hormonal contraceptives have found that out of 10,000 women between about 6 and 12 will develop a VTE in one year.

It is estimatedthat out of 10,000 women who use a CHC containing ethinylestradiol and drospirenone, between 9 and 12 women will develop a VTE in one year; this compares with about 6in 10,000 women who use a levonorgestrel-containing CHC.

It is not yet known how the risk of VTE with CHC containing estetrol and drospirenone compares with the risk with low dose levonorgestrel-containing CHCs.

The number of VTEs per year with low-dose CHCs is fewer than the number expected in women during pregnancy or in the postpartum period.

VTE may be fatal in 1–2% of cases.

Extremely rarely, thrombosis has been reported to occur in CHC users in other blood vessels, e.g., hepatic, mesenteric, renal or retinal veins and arteries.

Risk factors for VTE

The risk for venous thromboembolic complications in CHC users may increase substantially in a woman with additional risk factors, particularly if there are multiple risk factors (see table 1).

Drovelis is contraindicated if a woman has multiple risk factors that put her at high risk of venous thrombosis (see section 4.3). If a woman has more than one risk factor, it is possible that the increase in risk is greater than the sum of the individual factors – in this case her total risk of VTE should be considered. If the balance of benefits and risks is considered to be negative a CHC should not be prescribed (see section 4.3).

Table 1: Risk factors for VTE

Risk factor	Comment
Obesity (body mass index [BMI] over 30 kg/m).	Risk increases substantially as BMI rises. Particularly important to consider if other risk factors also present.
Prolonged immobilisation, major surgery, any surgery to the legs or pelvis, neurosurgery, or major trauma.	In these situations, it is advisable to discontinue use of the pill (in the case of elective surgery at least four weeks in advance) and not resume until two weeks after complete remobilisation. Another method of contraception should be used to avoid unintentional pregnancy.
Note: temporary immobilisation including air travel >4 hours can also be a risk factor for VTE, particularly in women with other risk factors.	Antithrombotic treatment should be considered if Drovelis has not been discontinued in advance.
Positive family history (VTE ever in a sibling or parent especially at a relatively early age, e.g., before 50 years).	If a hereditary predisposition is suspected, the woman should be referred to a specialist for advice before deciding about any CHC use.

Other medical conditions associated with VTE.	Cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) and sickle cell disease.
Increasing age.	Particularly above 35 years.

There is no consensus about the possible role of varicose veins and superficial thrombophlebitis in the onset or progression of venous thrombosis.

The increased risk of thromboembolism in pregnancy, and particularly the 6-week period of the puerperium, must be considered (for information on pregnancy and lactation see section 4.6).

Symptoms of VTE (DVT and PE)

In the event of symptoms, women should be advised to seek urgent medical attention and to inform the healthcare professional that she is taking a CHC.

Symptoms of DVT can include:

• – unilateral swelling of the leg and/or foot or along a vein in the leg;

• – pain or tenderness in the leg which may be felt only when standing or walking;

• – increased warmth in the affected leg; red or discoloured skin on the leg.

Symptoms of PE can include:

• – sudden onset of unexplained shortness of breath or rapid breathing;

• – sudden coughing which may be associated with haemoptysis;

• – sharp chest pain;

• – severe light headedness or dizziness;

• – rapid or irregular heartbeat.

Some of these symptoms (e.g., ‘shortness of breath’, ‘coughing’) are non-specific and might be misinterpreted as more common or less severe events (e.g., respiratory tract infections).

Other signs of vascular occlusion can include: sudden pain, swelling and slight blue discoloration of an extremity.

If the occlusion occurs in the eye symptoms can range from painless blurring of vision which can progress to loss of vision. Sometimes loss of vision can occur almost immediately.

Risk of ATE

Epidemiological studies have associated the use of CHCs with an increased risk for arterial thromboembolism (myocardial infarction [MI]) or for cerebrovascular accident (e.g., TIA, stroke). Arterial thromboembolic events may be fatal.

Risk, factors, for ATE

The risk of arterial thromboembolic complications or of a cerebrovascular accident in CHC users increases in women with risk factors (see table 2). Drovelis is contraindicated if a woman has one serious or multiple risk factors for ATE that puts her at high risk of arterial thrombosis (see section 4.3). If a woman has more than one risk factor, it is possible that the increase in risk is greater than the sum of the individual factors – in this case her total risk should be considered. If the balance of benefits and risks is considered to be negative a CHC should not be prescribed (see section 4.3).

Table 2: Risk factors for ATE

Risk factor	Comment
Increasing age.	Particularly above 35 years.
Smoking.	Women should be advised not to smoke if they wish to use a CHC. Women over 35 years who

	continue to smoke should be strongly advised to use a different method of contraception.
Hypertension.
Obesity (BMI over 30 kg/m2).	Risk increases substantially as BMI increases. Particularly important in women with additional risk factors.
Positive family history (arterial thromboembolism ever in a sibling or parent especially at relatively early age, e.g., below 50 years).	If a hereditary predisposition is suspected, the woman should be referred to a specialist for advice before deciding about any CHC use.
Migraine.	An increase in frequency or severity of migraine during CHC use (which may be prodromal of a cerebrovascular event) may be a reason for immediate discontinuation.
Other medical conditions associated with adverse vascular events.	Diabetes mellitus, hyperhomocyste­inaemia, valvular heart disease and atrial fibrillation, dyslipoproteinaemia and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Symptoms of ATE

In the event of symptoms women should be advised to seek urgent medical attention and to inform the healthcare professional that she is taking a CHC.

Symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident can include:

• – sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body;

• – sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination;

• – sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding;

• – sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes;

• – sudden, severe or prolonged headache with no known cause;

• – loss of consciousness or fainting with or without seizure.

Temporary symptoms suggest the event is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA).

Symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) can include:

• – pain, discomfort, pressure, heaviness, sensation of squeezing or fullness in the chest, arm, or below the breastbone;

• – discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, arm, stomach;

• – feeling of being full, having indigestion or choking;

• – sweating, nausea, vomiting or dizziness;

• – extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath;

• – rapid or irregular heartbeats.

Tumours

An increased risk of cervical cancer in long-term users of CHCs containing ethinylestradiol (>5 years) has been reported in some epidemiological studies, but there continues to be controversy about the extent to which this finding is attributable to the confounding effects of sexual behaviour and other factors such as human papilloma virus (HPV).

With the use of the higher-dosed CHCs (50 qg ethinylestradiol) the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer is reduced. Whether this also applies to estetrol-containing CHCs remains to be confirmed.

A meta-analysis from 54 epidemiological studies reported that there is a slightly increased relative risk (RR=1.24) of having breast cancer diagnosed in women who are currently using CHCs containing ethinylestradiol. The excess risk gradually disappears during the course of the 10 years after cessation of CHC use. Because breast cancer is rare in women under 40 years of age, the excess number of breast cancer diagnoses in current and recent CHC users is small in relation to the overall risk of breast cancer. The breast cancers diagnosed in ever-users tend to be less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in never-users. The observed pattern of increased risk may be due to an earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in CHC users, the biological effects of CHCs or a combination of both.

In rare cases, benign liver tumours, and even more rarely, malignant liver tumours have been reported in users of CHCs containing ethinylestradiol. In isolated cases, these tumours have led to life-threatening intra-abdominal haemorrhages. Therefore, a hepatic tumour should be considered in the differential diagnosis when severe upper abdominal pain, liver enlargement or signs of intra-abdominal haemorrhage occur in women taking CHCs.

Hepatitis C

During clinical studies with patients treated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with medicinal products containing ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin, ALT elevations higher than 5 times the upper limit of normal occurred significantly more frequently in women using ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products such as CHCs. Women using medicinal products containing oestrogens other than ethinylestradiol had a rate of ALT elevation similar to those not receiving any oestrogens; however, due to the limited number of women taking these other oestrogens, caution is warranted for co-administration with the combination therapeutic regimen ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin. See also section 4.5.

Other conditions

The progestogen component in Drovelis, drospirenone, is an aldosterone antagonist with potassium sparing properties. In most cases, no increase of potassium levels would be expected. In a clinical study with drospirenone, however, in some patients with mild or moderate renal impairment and concomitant use of potassium-sparing medicinal products, serum potassium levels increased slightly, but not significantly, during intake of 3 mg drospirenone for 14 days. Therefore, it is recommended to check serum potassium during the first treatment cycle with Drovelis in patients presenting with renal insufficiency and a pretreatment serum potassium in the upper reference range, and particularly during concomitant use of potassium sparing medicinal products. See also section 4.5.

Women with hypertriglyce­ridaemia, or a family history thereof, may be at an increased risk of pancreatitis when using CHCs.

Although small increases in blood pressure have been reported in many women taking CHCs, clinically relevant increases are rare. A relationship between CHC use and clinical hypertension has not been established. However, if a sustained clinically significant hypertension develops during the use of a CHC, then it is prudent for the physician to suspend the intake of the tablets and treat the hypertension. Where considered appropriate, CHC use may be resumed if normotensive values can be achieved with antihypertensive therapy.

The following conditions have been reported to occur or deteriorate with both pregnancy and CHC use, but the evidence of an association with CHC use is inconclusive: jaundice and/or pruritus related to cholestasis; gallstone formation; porphyria; systemic lupus erythematosus; haemolytic uraemic syndrome; Sydenham’s chorea; herpes gestationis; otosclerosis-related hearing loss.

In women with hereditary angioedema, exogenous oestrogens may induce or exacerbate symptoms of angioedema.

Acute or chronic disturbances of liver function may necessitate the discontinuation of CHC use until markers of liver function return to normal. Recurrence of cholestatic jaundice which occurred first during pregnancy or previous use of sex steroids necessitates the discontinuation of CHCs.

Although CHCs may have an effect on peripheral insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, there is no evidence for a need to alter the therapeutic regimen in diabetics using low-dose CHCs (containing

<50 ^g ethinylestradiol). However, diabetic women should be carefully observed, particularly in the early stage of CHC use.

Worsening of endogenous depression, of epilepsy, of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis has been reported during CHC use.

Depressed mood and depression are well-known undesirable effects of hormonal contraceptive use (see section 4.8). Depression can be serious and is a well-known risk factor for suicidal behaviour and suicide. Women should be advised to contact their physician in case of mood changes and depressive symptoms, including shortly after initiating the treatment.

Chloasma may occasionally occur, especially in women with a history of chloasma gravidarum. Women with a tendency to chloasma should avoid exposure to the sun or ultraviolet radiation whilst taking CHCs.

Medical examination/con­sultation

Prior to the initiation or reinstitution of Drovelis a complete medical history (including family history) should be taken and pregnancy must be ruled out. Blood pressure should be measured and a physical examination should be performed, guided by the contraindications (see section 4.3) and warnings (see section 4.4). It is important to draw a woman’s attention to the information on venous and arterial thrombosis, including the risk of Drovelis compared with other CHCs, the symptoms of VTE and ATE, the known risk factors and what to do in the event of a suspected thrombosis. The woman should also be instructed to carefully read the user leaflet and to adhere to the advice given. The frequency and nature of examinations should be based on established practice guidelines and be adapted to the individual woman.

Women should be advised that hormonal contraceptives do not protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Reduced e fficacy

The efficacy of CHCs may be reduced in the event of missed tablets (see section 4.2), gastro-intestinal disturbances during pink active tablet taking (see section 4.2) or concomitant medicinal products (see section 4.5).

Cycle control

With all CHCs, unscheduled bleeding (spotting or bleeding) may occur, especially during the first months of use. Therefore, the evaluation of any irregular bleeding is only meaningful after an adaptation interval of about three cycles. Unscheduled bleeding or spotting occurred in 14% to 20% of women using Drovelis. Most of these episodes concerned spotting only.

If bleeding irregularities persist or occur after previously regular cycles, then non-hormonal causes should be considered, and adequate diagnostic measures are indicated to exclude malignancy or pregnancy. These may include curettage.

In a small percentage of women (6–8%), withdrawal bleeding may not occur during the placebo tablet phase. If absence of withdrawal bleeding occurs and Drovelis has been taken according to the instructions as described in section 4.2, pregnancy is unlikely. However, pregnancy must be ruled out before Drovelis use is continued, if Drovelis has not been taken as directed, or if two consecutive withdrawal bleeds do not occur.

Laboratory tests

The use of contraceptive steroids may influence the results of certain laboratory tests, including biochemical parameters of liver, thyroid, adrenal and renal function, plasma levels of (carrier) proteins, e.g., corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and lipid/lipoprotein fractions, parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Changes generally remain within the normal laboratory range. Drospirenone causes an increase in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone induced by its mild anti-mineralocorticoid activity.

Excipients

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially ‘sodium-free’.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Note: The prescribing information of concomitant medicinal products should be consulted to identify potential interactions.

Pharmacokinetic interactions

Effects of other medicinal products on Drovelis

Interactions can occur with medicinal products that induce microsomal enzymes, resulting in increased clearance of sex hormones, which may lead to breakthrough bleeding and/or contraceptive failure.

• - Management

Enzyme induction can already be observed after a few days of treatment. Maximum enzyme induction is generally observed within a few weeks. After the cessation of medicinal product therapy, enzyme induction may be sustained for about 4 weeks.

• - Short-term treatment

Women on treatment with enzyme-inducing medicinal products should temporarily use a barrier method or another method of contraception in addition to the CHC. The barrier method must be used during the whole time of the concomitant medicinal product therapy and for 28 days after its discontinuation. If the medicinal product therapy runs beyond the end of the pink active tablets in the CHC pack, the white placebo tablets must be discarded and the next CHC pack should be started right away.

• - Long-term treatment

In women on long-term treatment with hepatic enzyme-inducing active substances, another reliable, non-hormonal, method of contraception is recommended.

The following interactions have been reported in the literature.

Medicinal products increasing the clearance of CHCs (enzyme-induction), e.g.: barbiturates, bosentan, carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin and HIV medicinal products (e.g. ritonavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) and possibly also felbamate, griseofulvin, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and products containing the herbal St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum ).

Medicinal products with variable effects on the clearance of CHCs:

When co-administered with CHCs, many combinations of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, including combinations with HCV inhibitors can increase or decrease plasma concentrations of oestrogens and progestogens. The effect of these changes may be clinically relevant in some cases.

Therefore, the prescribing information of concomitant HIV/HCV medicinal products should be consulted to identify potential interactions and any related recommendations. In case of any doubt, an additional barrier method of contraception should be used by women on protease inhibitor or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy.

Medicinal products decreasing the clearance of CHCs (enzyme inhibitors):

The clinical relevance of potential interactions with enzyme inhibitors remains unknown. Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase plasma concentrations of oestrogens or progestogens or both.

• - Potential interactions with drospirenone

In a multiple dose study with a drospirenone (3 mg/day) / ethinylestradiol (0.02 mg/day) combination, co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole for 10 days increased the area under the curve during a 24-hour period (AUC(0–24 h)) of drospirenone (and ethinylestradiol) 2.7-fold (and 1.4-fold, respectively).

• - Potential interactions with estetrol

Estetrol is predominantly glucuronised by UDP-glucuronosyltran­sferase (UGT) 2B7 enzyme (see section 5.2 ‘Pharmacokinetic properties’). No clinically relevant interaction was observed with estetrol and the strong UGT inhibitor valproic acid.

Effects of Drovelis on other medicinal products

Oral contraceptives may affect the metabolism of certain other active substances. Accordingly, plasma and tissue concentrations may either increase (e.g., ciclosporin) or decrease (e.g., lamotrigine).

Based on in vitro inhibition studies and in vivo interaction studies in female volunteers using omeprazole, simvastatin and midazolam as marker substrate, an interaction of drospirenone at doses of 3 mg with the metabolism of other active substances is unlikely.

Based on in vitro inhibition studies, an interaction of estetrol contained in Drovelis with the metabolism of other active substances is unlikely.

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Concomitant use with the HCV medicinal products containing ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir, with or without ribavirin, may increase the risk of ALT elevations in women using ethinylestradiol containing medicinal products such as CHCs (see section 4.4). Women using medicinal products containing oestrogens other than ethinylestradiol, had a rate of ALT elevation similar to those not receiving any oestrogens; however, due to the limited number of women taking these other oestrogens, caution is warranted for co-administration with the combination therapeutic regimen ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin.

In patients without renal impairment, the concomitant use of drospirenone and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) did not show a significant effect on serum potassium. Nevertheless, concomitant use of Drovelis with aldosterone antagonists or potassium-sparing diuretics has not been studied. In this case, serum potassium should be tested during the first treatment cycle. See also section 4.4.

Paediatric population

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Drovelis is not indicated during pregnancy.

If pregnancy occurs while taking Drovelis, further intake must be stopped.

There are limited amount of data from the use of Drovelis in pregnant women.

Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Based on animal experience, harmful effects due to hormonal action of the active substances cannot be excluded.

The increased risk of VTE during the postpartum period should be considered when re-starting Drovelis (see section 4.2 and 4.4).

Breast-feeding

Small amounts of the contraceptive steroids and/or their metabolites may be excreted with the breast milk and might affect the child.

Breast-feeding may be influenced by CHCs as they may reduce the quantity and change the composition of breast milk. Therefore, the use of CHCs should not be recommended until the breast-feeding mother has completely weaned her child and an alternative method of contraception should be proposed to women wishing to breastfeed.

Fertility

Drovelis is indicated for oral contraception. For information on return to fertility, see section 5.1.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Drovelis has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

The most commonly reported adverse reactions with Drovelis are metrorrhagia (4.3%), headache (3.2%), acne (3.2%), vaginal haemorrhage (2.7%) and dysmenorrhoea (2.4%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions that have been identified are listed below (see table 3).

Adverse reactions are listed according to the MedDRA system organ class and ranked under frequency groupings using the following convention: common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100) and rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000).

Table 3: List of adverse reactions

System organ class	Common	Uncommon	Rare
Infections and infestations		Fungal infection Vaginal infection Urinary tract infection	Mastitis
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)			Fibroadenoma of breast
Immune system disorders			Hypersensitivity
Metabolism and nutrition disorders		Appetite disorder	Hyperkalaemia Fluid retention

System organ class	Common	Uncommon	Rare
Psychiatric disorders	Mood disorders and disturbances1^) Libido disorder	Depression"‚2‘ Anxiety disorder(3) Insomnia Emotional disorder(4) Stress	Nervousness
Nervous system disorders	Headache	Migraine Dizziness Paraesthesia Somnolence	Amnesia
Eye disorders			Visual impairment Vision blurred Dry eye
Ear and labyrinth disorders			Vertigo
Vascular disorders		Hot flush	Hypertension Venous thrombosis Thrombophlebitis Hypotension Varicose vein
Gastrointestinal disorders	Abdominal pain Nausea	Abdominal distension Vomiting Diarrhoea	Gastroesophageal reflux disease Colitis Gastrointestinal motility disorder Constipation Dyspepsia Flatulence Dry mouth Lip swelling
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Acne	Alopecia Hyperhidrosis'5) Skin disorders'6)	Dermatitis(7) Pigmentation disorder"‚8‘ Hirsutism Seborrhoea Pruritus Swelling of face Urticaria Skin discolouration
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders		Back pain	Muscle spasms Limb discomfort Joint swelling Pain in extremity
Renal and urinary disorders			Bladder spasm Urine odour abnormal
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions			Ectopic pregnancy
Reproductive system and breast disorders	Breast pain Metrorrhagia Vaginal haemorrhage Dysmenorrhoea	Abnormal withdrawal bleeding'9) Breast swelling Vulvovaginal disorder10)	Ovarian cyst Lactation disorders Endometrial disorder

System organ class	Common	Uncommon	Rare
	Menorrhagia	Vaginal discharge Premenstrual syndrome Breast mass(11) Uterine spasm Uterine haemorrhage Menometrorrhagia Dyspareunia	Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Pelvic pain Nipple disorder Breast discolouration Coital bleeding
General disorders and administration site conditions		Fatigue Oedema Chest pain Feeling abnormal	Malaise(12) Pain Hyperthermia
Investigations	Weight fluctuation	Hepatic enzyme increased Lipids abnormal	Blood pressure increased Renal function test abnormal Blood potassium increased Blood glucose increased Haemoglobin decreased Serum ferritin decreased Blood in urine
(1) including affect '	ability, anger, euphoric mood, irritability, altered mood and mood swings

• (2) including depressed mood, depressive symptom, tearfulness and depression

• (3) including agitation, anxiety, generalised anxiety disorder and panic attack

• (4 )including emotional disorder, emotional distress and crying

• (5) including night sweats, hyperhidrosis and cold sweat

• (6) including dry skin, rash and skin swelling

• (7) including dermatitis and eczema

• (8) including chloasma and skin hyperpigmentation

• (9) including abnormal withdrawal bleeding, amenorrhoea, menstrual disorder, irregular menstruation, oligomenorrhoea and polymenorrhoe

• (10) including vaginal odour, vulvovaginal discomfort, vulvovaginal dryness, vulvovaginal pain, vulvovaginal pruritus and vulvovaginal burning sensation

• (11) including breast mass and fibrocystic breast disease

• (12) including malaise and decreased performance status

Description of selected adverse reactions

An increased risk of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has been observed in women using CHCs, which is discussed in more detail in section 4.4.

The following serious adverse events have been reported in women using CHCs, which are discussed in section 4.4 Special warning and precautions for use:

• – Venous thromboembolic disorders;

• – Arterial thromboembolic disorders;

• – Hypertension;

• – Liver tumours;

• – Occurrence or deterioration of conditions for which association with CHC use is not conclusive: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, epilepsy, uterine myoma, porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, herpes gestationis, Sydenham's chorea, haemolytic uremic syndrome, cholestatic jaundice;

• – Chloasma;

• – Acute or chronic disturbances of liver function may necessitate the discontinuation of CHC use until markers of liver function return to normal.

4.9 Overdose

There has not yet been any experience of overdose with Drovelis. On the basis of general experience with combined oral contraceptives, symptoms that may possibly occur in case of taking an overdose of pink active tablets are nausea, vomiting and withdrawal bleeding. Withdrawal bleeding may even occur in girls before their menarche, if they accidentally take the medicinal product. There are no antidotes and further treatment should be symptomatic.

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system, progestogens and oestrogens, fixed combinations, ATC code: G03AA18

Mechanism of action

Drovelis contains the oestrogen estetrol and the progestogen drospirenone. Estetrol is an oestrogen that is only produced during pregnancy by the human foetal liver.

Estetrol demonstrates anti-gonadotropic activity characterised by a dose-dependent decrease in both serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels.

The progestogen drospirenone possesses progestagenic, antigonadotropic, antiandrogenic and mild antimineralocor­ticoid properties and has no oestrogenic, glucocorticoid or antiglucocorticoid activity. These properties are pharmacologically similar to the natural hormone progesterone.

The contraceptive effect of Drovelis is based on the interaction of various factors, the most important of which is inhibition of ovulation.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Two clinical studies were performed worldwide, one pivotal study in the EU/Russia and a supportive study in the US in women between 16 and 50 years of age for 13 cycles/1 year.

The following Pearl Indices in women 18–35 years of age were found in the pivotal EU/Russia study based on a total of 14,759 cycles in which cycles with back-up contraception and cycles with no sexual activity have been excluded:

Method failure: 0.26 (upper limit 95% confidence interval 0.77);

Method and user failure: 0.44 (upper limit 95% confidence interval 1.03).

The study in the US found higher Pearl Indices than noted in the EU/Russia study. It is known that Pearl Indices of studies performed in the US are higher than noted in EU studies, but the cause of this discrepancy is unknown.

In a randomised open-label study, 97% of women in the Drovelis group demonstrated a return to ovulation by the end of the post-treatment cycle.

Endometrial histology was investigated in a subgroup of women (n=108) in one clinical study after up to 13 cycles of treatment. There were no abnormal results.

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Drovelis in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in oral contraception (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Estetrol

Absorption

Estetrol is rapidly absorbed after ingestion. After intake of Drovelis, average peak plasma concentrations of 17.9 ng/mL are reached 0.5–2 hours after single ingestion.

The overall exposure to estetrol is similar irrespective of food intake. The Cmax of estetrol is reduced with approximately 50% after food intake.

Distribution

Estetrol does not bind to SHBG. Estetrol displayed moderate binding to human plasma proteins (45.5% to 50.4%) and human serum albumin (58.6%), and low binding to human alpha-glycoprotein (11.2%). Estetrol is equally distributed between red blood cells and plasma.

In vitro studies indicated that estetrol is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP transporters. Co-administration of drugs that affect the activity of P-gp and BCRP is however unlikely to result in a clinically relevant drug interaction with estetrol.

Biotransformation

After oral administration, estetrol undergoes extensive phase 2 metabolism to form glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The two main metabolites estetrol-3-glucuronide and estetrol-16-glucuronide have negligible oestrogenic activity. UGT2B7 is the dominant UGT isoform involved in the biotransformation of estetrol into a direct glucuronide. Estetrol undergoes sulfation, mainly by specific oestrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1).

Elimination

The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of estetrol was observed to be around 24 hours under steady state conditions.

Following administration of a single oral solution of 15 mg [14C]-estetrol, approximately 69% of the total recovered radioactivity was detected in urine and 21.9% in faeces.

Linearity/non-linearity

When Drovelis is administered from 1 to 5 times the dose, estetrol plasma levels do not show any relevant deviation from dose-proportionality, after single administration as well as in steady-state conditions.

Steady-state conditions

Steady-state is achieved after 5 days. Cmax of estetrol is about 17.9 ng/mL and is reached 0.5–2 hours after dosing. Average serum concentrations are 2.46 ng/mL. The accumulation is very limited with daily area under the curve (AUC) at steady-state 60% larger than after a single dose.

Drospirenone

Absorption

Drospirenone is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. After intake of Drovelis, Cmax of about 48.7 ng/mL is reached at about 1–3 h after multiple ingestion. Bioavailability is between 76 and 85%. The overall exposure to drospirenone is similar regardless of food intake around tablet intake of Drovelis.

Distribution

Drospirenone is bound to serum albumin and does not bind to SHBG or CBG. Only 3–5% of the total serum concentrations of the active substance are present as free steroid. The mean apparent volume of distribution of drospirenone is 3.7 ± 1.2 L/kg.

Biotransformation

Drospirenone is extensively metabolised after oral administration. The major metabolites in plasma are the acid form of drospirenone, generated by opening of the lactone ring, and the 4,5-dihydro-drospirenone-3-sulfate, formed by reduction and subsequent sulfation. Drospirenone is also subject to oxidative metabolism catalyzed by CYP3A4.

Elimination

After oral administration of Drovelis, serum drospirenone levels decrease with a terminal elimination half-life observed around 34 hours. The metabolic clearance rate of drospirenone in serum is 1.5 ± 0.2 mL/min/kg. Drospirenone is excreted only in trace amounts in unchanged form. The metabolites of drospirenone are excreted with the faeces and urine at an excretion ratio of about 1.2 to 1.4. The t1/2 of metabolite excretion with the urine and faeces is about 40 h.

Linearity/non-linearity

Drospirenone plasma levels do not show any relevant deviation from dose-proportionality over the 3–15 mg dose range, after single administration as well as in steady-state conditions.

Steady-state conditions

Steady-state is achieved after 10 days. Cmax of drospirenone of about 48.7 ng/mL is reached after about 1–3 hours after dosing. The mean concentration during steady state over a 24-hour dosing period is approximately 22 ng/mL. The accumulation is very limited with daily AUC at steady-state 80% larger than after a single dose.

Special populations

Renal impairment

No studies were performed to evaluate the effect of renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of estetrol. In a study performed with drospirenone 3 mg alone administered orally for 14 days, steady-state serum drospirenone levels in women with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance (CLcr)=50–80 mL/min) were comparable to those of women with normal renal function. The serum drospirenone levels were on average 37% higher in women with moderate renal impairment (CLcr=30–50 mL/min) compared with those in women with normal renal function.

Hepatic impairment

No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disease on the pharmacokinetics of estetrol. In a single dose study, oral clearance of drospirenone (CL/F) was decreased approximately 50% in volunteers with moderate hepatic impairment as compared to those with normal liver function.

Paediatric population

The pharmacokinetics of estetrol and drospirenone in postmenarcheal female adolescents (below 16 years of age) after intake of Drovelis have not been investigated.

Other special populations

Ethnic groups

No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of estetrol or drospirenone between Japanese and Caucasian women have been observed after single dose administration of Drovelis.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Repeated dose toxicity studies with estetrol, drospirenone or the combination have indicated expected estrogenic and gestagen effects.

At exposures exceeding those in users of Drovelis (~ 27-fold multiple for estetrol and ~ 3.5-fold multiple for drospirenone), ventricular histological changes, without clinical effects, were observed in monkeys after repeated administration of the combination.

Reproductive toxicity studies in rats and rabbits performed with estetrol have shown embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects in animals at clinically relevant exposures; the effects possibly dependent on uterotonic effects in late gestation.

Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies were not conducted with the combination. Estetrol and drospirenone are not considered to be genotoxic. However, it is known that due to their hormonal action, sex steroids can promote the growth of certain hormone-dependent tissues and tumours.

Environmental risk assessment studies with drospirenone have shown that drospirenone may pose a risk to the aquatic environment (see section 6.6). Environmental risk assessment studies with estetrol including the Japanese medaka fish extended one generation reproduction test indicated that the predicted environmental exposure to estetrol will not affect the aquatic ecosystem.

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients

Pink active film-coated tablets

Tablet core

Lactose monohydrate

Sodium starch glycolate

Maize starch

Povidone K30

Magnesium stearate (E470b)

Tablet coating

Hypromellose (E464)

Hydroxypropyl­cellulose (E463)

Talc (E553b)

Cottonseed oil, hydrogenated

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Iron oxide red (E172)

White placebo film-coated tablets

Tablet core

Lactose monohydrate

Maize starch

Magnesium stearate (E470b)

Tablet coating

Hypromellose (E464)

Hydroxypropyl­cellulose (E463)

Talc (E553b)

Cottonseed oil, hydrogenated

Titanium dioxide (E171)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

4 years.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Transparent PVC/aluminium blister containing 28 film-coated tablets (24 pink active tablets and 4 white placebo tablets) in a carton with an etui storage bag and 1, 3, 6 or 13 self-adhesive weekday sticker(s).

Pack sizes: 28 (1 × 28), 84 (3 × 28), 168 (6 × 28) and 364 (13 × 28) film-coated tablets.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

Drospirenone containing medicinal products may pose a risk to the environment (see section 5.3). Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Gedeon Richter Plc.

Gyomroi ut 19–21.

1103 Budapest

Hungary

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

EU/1/21/1547/001

EU/1/21/1547/002

EU/1/21/1547/003

EU/1/21/1547/004

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

Date of first authorisation: 19 May 2021