XANTHADU 0.02 MG / 3 MG FILM-COATED TABLETS - summary of medicine characteristics

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Xanthadu 0.02 mg/3 mg film-coated tablets

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

24 pink film-coated tablets (active tablets):

Each film-coated tablet contains 0.02 mg ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone.

Excipients with known effect: Lactose monohydrate 44 mg

4 white placebo (inactive) film-coated tablets:

The tablet does not contain active substances

Excipients with known effect: Lactose anhydrous 89.5 mg

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Film-coated tablet.

The active tablet is pink, round film-coated tablet of 5.7 mm diameter.

The placebo tablet is white, round film-coated tablet of 5.7 mm diameter

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Oral contraception.

The decision to prescribe Xanthadu 3 mg/0.02 mg, film-coated tablets should take into consideration the individual woman’s current risk factors, particularly those for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and how the risk of VTE with Xanthadu 3 mg/0.02 mg, film-coated tablets compares with other combined hormonal contraceptives (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Route of administration: oral use.

The tablets must be taken every day at about the same time, if necessary with a little liquid, in the order shown on blister strip. Tablet taking is continuous. One tablet is to be taken daily for 28 consecutive days. Each subsequent strip is started the day after the last tablet of the previous strip. Withdrawal bleeding usually starts on day 2–3 after starting the placebo tablets (last row) and may not have finished before the next strip is started.

No preceding hormonal contraceptive use (in the past month)

Tablet-taking has to start on day 1 of the woman’s natural cycle (i.e. the first day of her menstrual bleeding).

Changing from a combined hormonal contraceptive (combined oral contraceptive (COC), vaginal ring or transdermal patch)

The woman should start with Xanthadu preferably on the day after the last active tablet (the last tablet containing the active substances) of her previous COC, but at the latest on the day following the usual tablet-free or placebo tablet interval of her previous COC. In case a vaginal ring or transdermal patch has been used the woman should start using Xanthadu preferably on the day of removal, but at the latest when the next application would have been due.

Changing from a progestogen-only-method (progestogen-only pill, injection, implant) or from a progestogen-releasing intrauterine system (IUS)

The woman may switch any day from the progestogen-only pill (from an implant or the IUS on the day of its removal, from an injectable when the next injection would be due) but should in all of these cases be advised to additionally use a barrier method for the first 7 days of tablet-taking.

Following first-trimester abortion

The woman may start immediately. When doing so, she need not take additional contraceptive measures.

Following delivery or second-trimester abortion

Women should be advised to start at day 21 to 28 after delivery or second-trimester abortion. When starting later, the woman should be advised to additionally use a barrier method for the first 7 days. However, if intercourse has already occurred, pregnancy should be excluded before the actual start of COC use or the woman has to wait for her first menstrual period.

For breastfeeding women see Section 4.6.

Placebo tablets from the last (4th) row of the blister can be disregarded. However, they should be discarded to avoid unintentionally prolonging the placebo tablet phase. The following advice only refers to missed active tablets:

If the user is less than 24 hours late in taking any tablet, contraceptive protection is not reduced. The woman should take the tablet as soon as she remembers and should take further tablets at the usual time.

If she is more than 24 hours late in taking any tablet, contraceptive protection may be reduced. The management of missed tablets can be guided by the following two basic rules:

1. the recommended hormone-free tablet interval is 4 days, tablet- taking must never be discontinued for longer than 7 days

2. 7 days of uninterrupted tablet-taking are required to attain adequate suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-axis.

Accordingly the following advice can be given in daily practice:

Day 1–7

The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time. She then continues to take tablets at her usual time. In addition, a barrier method such as a condom should be used for the next 7 days. If intercourse took place in the preceding 7 days, the possibility of a pregnancy should be considered. The more tablets are missed and the closer they are to the placebo tablet phase, the higher the risk of a pregnancy.

Day 8–14

The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time. She then continues to take tablets at her usual time. Provided that the woman has taken her tablets correctly in the 7 days preceding the first missed tablet, there is no need to use extra contraceptive precautions. However, if she has missed more than 1 tablet, the woman should be advised to use extra precautions for 7 days.

Day 15–24

The risk of reduced reliability is imminent because of the forthcoming placebo tablet phase.

However, by adjusting the tablet-intake schedule, reduced contraceptive protection can still be prevented. By adhering to either of the following two options, there is therefore noneed to use extra contraceptive precautions, provided that in the 7 days preceding the first missed tablet the woman has taken all tablets correctly. If this is not the case, she should follow the first of these two options and use extra precautions for the next 7 days as well.

1. The user should take the last missed tablet as soon as she remembers, even if this means taking two tablets at the same time.

She then continues to take tablets at her usual time until the active tablets are used up. The 4 placebo tablets from the last row mustbe discarded. The next blister strip must be started right away.The user is unlikely to have a withdrawal bleed until the end of the active tablets section of the second blister strip, but she may experience spotting or breakthrough bleeding on tablet-taking days.

2. The woman may also be advised to discontinue active tablet-taking from the current blister strip. She should then take placebo tablets from the last row for up to 4 days, including the days she missed tablets, and subsequently continue with the next blister strip.

If the woman missed tablets and subsequently has no withdrawal bleed in the placebo tablet phase, the possibility of a pregnancy should be considered.

In case of severe gastro-intestinal disturbances (e.g., vomiting or diarrhoea), absorption may not be complete and additional contraceptive measures should be taken. If vomiting occurs within 3–4 hours after active tablet-taking, a new (replacement) tablet should be taken as soon as possible. The new tablet should be taken within 24 hours of the usual time of tablet- taking if possible. If more than 24 hours elapse, the advice concerning missed tablets, as give in section 4.2 “Management of missed tablets”, is applicable. If the woman does not want to change her normal tablet-taking schedule, she has to take the extra tablet(s) from another blister strip.

To delay a period the woman should continue with another blister strip of Xanthadu without taking the placebo tablets from her current strip. The extension can be carried on for as long as wished until the end of the active tablets in the second strip. During the extension the woman may experience breakthrough-bleeding or spotting. Regular intake of Xanthadu is then resumed after the placebo tablet phase.

To shift her periods to another day of the week than the woman is used to with her current scheme, she can be advised to shorten her forthcoming placebo tablet phase by as many days as she likes. The shorter the interval, the higher the risk that she does not have a withdrawal bleed and will experience breakthrough-bleeding and spotting during the subsequent strip (just as when delaying a period)

4.3 Contraindications

Combined hormonalcontra­ceptives (CHCs) should not be used in the presence of any of the conditions listed below. Should any of the conditions appear for the first time during CHC use, the product should be stopped immediately.

Presence or risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)

o Venous thromboembolism – current VTE (on anticoagulants) or history of (e.g. deep venous thrombosis [DVT] or pulmonary embolism [PE])

o Known hereditary or acquired predisposition for venous thromboembolism, such as APC-resistance, (including Factor V Leiden), antithrombin-III-deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency

o Major surgery with prolonged immobilisation (see section 4.4)

o A high risk of venous thromboembolism due to the presence of multiple risk factors (see section 4.4)

Presence or risk of arterial thromboembolism (ATE)

o Arterial thromboembolism – current arterial thromboembolism, history of arterial thromboembolism (e.g. myocardial infarction) or prodromal condition (e.g. angina pectoris)

o Cerebrovascular disease – current stroke, history of stroke or prodromal condition (e.g. transient ischaemic attack, TIA)

o Known hereditary or acquired predisposition for arterial thromboembolism, such as hyperhomocyste­inaemia and antiphospholipid-antibodies (anticardiolipin-antibodies, lupus anticoagulant).

o History of migraine with focal neurological symptoms.

o A high risk of arterial thromboembolism due to multiple risk factors (see section 4.4) or to the presence of one serious risk factor such as:

diabetes mellitus with vascular symptoms

severe hypertension

severe dyslipoproteinaemia

Presence or history of severe hepatic disease as long as liver function values have not returned to normal

Severe renal insufficiency or acute renal failure

Presence or history of liver tumours (benign or malignant)

Known or suspected sex-steroid influenced malignancies (e.g. of the genital organs or the breasts)

Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients

listed in section 6.1

Xanthadu 3 mg/0.02 mg, film-coated tablets is contraindicated for

concomitant use with the medicinal products containing ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir, (see sections 4.4 and section 4.5).

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

If any of the conditions or risk factors mentioned below is present, the suitability of <invented name> should be discussed with the woman. In the event of aggravation, or first appearance of any of these conditions or risk factors, the woman should be advised to contact her doctor to determine whether the use of <invented name> should be discontinued.

In case of suspected or confirmed VTE or ATE, CHC use should be discontinued. In case anti-coagulant therapy is started, adequate alternative contraception should be initiated because of the teratogenicity of anticoagulant therapy (coumarins). Circulatory Disorders

Risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)

The use of any combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with no use. Products that contain levonorgestrel, norgestimate or norethisterone are associated with the lowest risk of VTE. Other products such as <invented name> may have up to twice this level of risk. The decision to use any product other than one with the lowest VTE risk should be taken only after a discussion with the woman to ensure she understands the risk of VTE with <invented name>, how her current risk factors influence this risk, and that her VTE risk is highest in the first ever year of use. There is also some evidence that the risk is increased when a combined hormonal contraceptive is re-started after a break in use of 4 weeks or more.

In women who do not use a CHC and are not pregnant about 2 out of 10,000 will develop a VTE over the period of one year. However, in any individual woman the risk may be far higher, depending on her underlying risk factors (see below).

It is estimated1 that out of 10,000 women who use a CHC containing drospirenone, between 9 and 12 women will develop a VTE in one year; this compares with about 62 in women who use a levonorgestrel-containing CHC.

In both cases, the number of VTEs per year is fewer than the number expected during pregnancy or in the postpartum period.

VTE may be fatal in 1–2% of the cases.

Extremely rarely, thrombosis has been reported to occur in CHC users in other blood vessels, e.g. hepatic, mesenteric, renal or retinal veins and arteries.

The risk for venous thromboembolic complications in CHC users may increase substantially in a woman with additional risk factors, particularly if there are multiple risk factors (see table).

<Invented name> is contraindicated if a woman has multiple risk factors that put her at high risk of venous thrombosis (see section 4.3). If a woman has more than one risk factor, it is possible that the increase in risk is greater than the sum of the individual factors – in this case her total risk of VTE should be considered. If the balance of benefits and risks is considered to be negative a combined hormonal contraceptive should not be prescribed (see section 4.3).

There is no consensus about the possible role of varicose veins and superficial thrombophlebitis in the onset or progression of venous thrombosis.

The increased risk of thromboembolism in pregnancy, and particularly the 6 week period of the puerperium, must be considered (for information on “Fertility, pregnancy and lactation” see section 4.6).

In the event of symptoms women should be advised to seek urgent medical attention and to inform the healthcare professional that she is taking a CHC.

Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can include:

– unilateral swelling of the leg and/or foot or along a vein in the leg;

– pain or tenderness in the leg which may be felt only when standing or walking, – increased warmth in the affected leg; red or discoloured skin on the leg.

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE) can include:

– sudden onset of unexplained shortness of breath or rapid breathing;

– sudden coughing which may be associated with haemoptysis;

– sharp chest pain;

– severe light headedness or dizziness;

– rapid or irregular heartbeat.

Some of these symptoms (e.g. “shortness of breath”, “coughing”) are non-specific and might be misinterpreted as more common or less severe events (e.g. respiratory tract infections).

Other signs of vascular occlusion can include: sudden pain, swelling and slight blue discoloration of an extremity.

If the occlusion occurs in the eye symptoms can range from painless blurring of vision which can progress to loss of vision. Sometimes loss of vision can occur almost immediately.

Epidemiological studies have associated the use of CHC with an increased risk for arterial thromboembolism (myocardial infarction) or for cerebrovascular accident (e.g. transient ischaemic attack, stroke). Arterial thromboembolic events may be fatal.

The risk of arterial thromboembolic complications or of a cerebrovascular accident in CHC users increases in women with risk factors (see table). <Invented name> is contraindicated if a woman has one serious or multiple risk factors for ATE that puts her at high risk of arterial thrombosis (see section 4.3). If a woman has more than one risk factor, it is possible that the increase in risk is greater than the sum of the individual factors – in this case her total risk should be considered. If the balance of benefits and risks is considered to be negative a CHC should not be prescribed (see section 4.3).

Table: Risk factors for ATE

In the event of symptoms women should be advised to seek urgent medical attention and to inform the healthcare professional that she is taking a CHC.

Symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident can include:

– sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body;

– sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination;

– sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding;

– sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes;

– sudden, severe or prolonged headache with no known cause;

– loss of consciousness or fainting with or without seizure.

Temporary symptoms suggest the event is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA).

Symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) can include:

– pain, discomfort, pressure, heaviness, sensation of squeezing or fullness in the chest, arm, or below the breastbone;

– discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, arm, stomach;

– feeling of being full, having indigestion or choking;

– sweating, nausea, vomiting or dizziness;

– extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath;

– rapid or irregular heartbeats.

Tumours

An increased risk of cervical cancer in long-term users of COCs (>5 years) has been reported in some epidemiological studies, but there continues to be controversy about the extent to which this finding is attributable to the confounding effects of sexual behaviour and other factors such as human papilloma virus (HPV).

A meta-analysis from 54 epidemiological studies reported that there is a slightly increased relative risk (RR = 1.24) of having breast cancer diagnosed in women who are currently using COCs. The excess risk gradually disappears during the course of the 10 years after cessation of COC use. Because breast cancer is rare in women under 40 years of age, the excess number of breast cancer diagnoses in current and recent COC users is small in relation to the overall risk of breast cancer. These studies do not provide evidence for causation. The observed pattern of increased risk may be due to an earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in COC users, the biological effects of COCs or a combination of both. The breast cancers diagnosed in ever-users tend to be less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in never-users.

In rare cases, benign liver tumours, and even more rarely, malignant liver tumours have been reported in users of COCs. In isolated cases, these tumours have led to lifethreatening intra-abdominal haemorrhages. A hepatic tumour should be considered in the differential diagnosis when severe upper abdominal pain, liver enlargement or signs of intra-abdominal haemorrhage occur in women taking COCs.

With the use of the higher-dosed COCs (50 Lig ethinylestradiol) the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer is reduced. Whether this also applies to lower-dosed COCs remains to be confirmed.

Other conditions

The progestin component in <invented name> is an aldosterone antagonist with potassium sparing properties. In most cases, no increase of potassium levels is to be expected. In a clinical study, however in some patients with mild or moderate renal impairment and concomitant use of potassium-sparing medicinal products serum potassium levels slightly, but not significantly, increased during drospirenone intake. Therefore, it is recommended to check serum potassium during the first treatment cycle in patients presenting with renal insufficiency and a pretreatment serum potassium in the upper reference range, and particularly during concomitant use of potassium sparing medicinal products. See also section 4.5.

Women with hypertriglyce­ridemia, or a family history thereof, may be at an increased risk of pancreatitis when using COCs.

Although small increases in blood pressure have been reported in many women taking COCs, clinically relevant increases are rare. Only in these rare cases an immediate discontinuation of COC use is justified. If, during the use of a COC in preexisting hypertension, constantly elevated blood pressure values or a significant increase in blood pressure do not respond adequately to antihypertensive treatment, the COC must be withdrawn. Where considered appropriate, COC use may be resumed if normotensive values can be achieved with antihypertensive therapy.

The following conditions have been reported to occur or deteriorate with both pregnancy and COC use, but the evidence of an association with COC use is inconclusive: jaundice and/or pruritus related to cholestasis; gallstones; porphyria; systemic lupus erythematosus; haemolytic uremic syndrome; Sydenham's chorea; herpes gestationis; otosclerosis-related hearing loss.

In women with hereditary angioedema exogenous estrogens may induce or exacerbate symptoms of angioedema.

Acute or chronic disturbances of liver function may necessitate the discontinuation of COC use until markers of liver function return to normal. Recurrence of cholestatic jaundice and/or cholestasis-related pruritus which previously occurred during pregnancy or during previous use of sex steroids necessitates the discontinuation of COCs.

Although COCs may have an effect on peripheral insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, there is no evidence for a need to alter the therapeutic regimen in diabetics using low-dose COCs (containing < 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol). However, diabetic women should be carefully observed, particularly in the early stage of COC use.

Worsening of endogenous depression, of epilepsy, of Crohn's disease and of ulcerative colitis has been reported during COC use.

Chloasma may occasionally occur, especially in women with a history of chloasma gravidarum. Women with a tendency to chloasma should avoid exposure to the sun or ultraviolet radiation whilst taking COCs.

Depressed mood and depression are well-known undesirable effects of hormonal contraceptive use (see section 4.8). Depression can be serious and is a well-known risk factor for suicidal behaviour and suicide. Women should be advised to contact their physician in case of mood changes and depressive symptoms, including shortly after initiating the treatment.

Each pink tablet of this medicinal product contains 44 mg lactose monohydrate per tablet, each white tablet contains 89.5 mg lactose anhydrous.Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption who are on a lactose-free diet should take this amount into consideration.

ALT elevations

During clinical trials with patients treated for hepatitis C virus infections (HCV) with the medicinal products containing ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin, transaminase (ALT) elevations higher than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) occurred significantly more frequent in women using ethinylestradiol- containing medications such as combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).

Prior to the initiation or reinstitution of <invented name> a complete medical history (including family history) should be taken and pregnancy must be ruled out. Blood pressure should be measured and a physical examination should be performed, guided by the contra-indications (see section 4.3) and warnings (see section 4.4). It is important to draw a woman’s attention to the information on venous and arterial thrombosis, including the risk of <invented name> compared with other combined hormonal contraceptives, the symptoms of VTE and ATE, the known risk factors and what to do in the event of a suspected thrombosis.

The woman should also be instructed to carefully read the user leaflet and to adhere to the advice given. The frequency and nature of examinations should be based on established practice guidelines and be adapted to the individual woman.

Women should be advised that hormonal contraceptives do not protect against HIV infections (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases.

The efficacy of COCs may be reduced in the event of e.g. missed active tablets (see section 4.2), gastro-intestinal disturbances during active tablet taking (see section 4.2) or concomitant medication (see section 4.5).

With all COCs, irregular bleeding (spotting or breakthrough bleeding) may occur, especially during the first months of use. Therefore, the evaluation of any irregular bleeding is only meaningful after an adaptation interval of about three cycles.

If bleeding irregularities persist or occur after previously regular cycles, then nonhormonal causes should be considered and adequate diagnostic measures are indicated to exclude malignancy or pregnancy. These may include curettage.

In some women withdrawal bleeding may not occur during the placebo tablet phase. If the COC has been taken according to the directions described in section 4.2, it is unlikely that the woman is pregnant. However, if the COC has not been taken according to these directions prior to the first missed withdrawal bleed or if two withdrawal bleeds are missed, pregnancy must be ruled out before COC use is continued.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Note: The prescribing information of concomitant medications should be consulted to identify potential interactions.

Influence of other medicinal products on Xanthadu

Interactions can occur with drugs that induce microsomal enzymes which can result in increased clearance of sex hormones and which may lead to breakthrough bleeding and/or contraceptive failure.

Management

Enzyme induction can already be observed after a few days of treatment. Maximal enzyme induction is generally seen within a few weeks. After the cessation of drug therapy enzyme induction may be sustained for about 4 weeks.

Short-term treatment

Women on treatment with enzyme-inducing drugs should temporarily use a barrier method or another method of contraception in addition to the COC. The barrier method must be used during the whole time of the concomitant drug therapy and for 28 days after its discontinuation. If the drug therapy runs beyond the end of the active tablets in the COC pack, the placebo tablets must be discarded and the next COC pack should be started right away.

Long-term treatment

In women on long-term treatment with hepatic enzyme-inducing active substances, another reliable, non-hormonal, method of contraception is recommended.

The following interactions have been reported in the literature.

Substances increasing the clearance of COCs (diminished efficacy of COCs by enzyme induction), e.g.:

Barbiturates, bosentan, carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin and HIV medication ritonavir, nevirapine and efavirenz and possibly also felbamate, griseofulvin, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and products containing the herbal remedy St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).

Substances with variable effects on the clearance of COCs:

When co-administered with COCs many combinations of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, including combinations with HCV inhibitors can increase or decrease plasma concentration of oestrogen or progestins. The net effect of these changes may be clinically relevant in some cases.

Therefore, the prescribing information of concomitant HIV/HCV medications should be consulted to identify potential interactions and any related recommendations. In case of any doubt, an additional barrier contraceptive method should be used by women on protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy.

Substances decreasing the clearance of COCs (enzyme inhibitors):

The clinical relevance of potential interactions with enzyme inhibitors remains unknown.

Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase plasma concentrations of the oestrogen or the progestin or both.

In a multiple dose study with a drospirenone (3 mg/day) / ethinylestradiol (0.02 mg/day) combination, co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole for 10 days increased the AUC (0–24h) of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol 2.7-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively.

Etoricoxib doses of 60 to 120 mg/day have been shown to increase plasma concentrations of ethinylestradiol 1.4 to 1.6-fold, respectively when taken concomitantly with a combined hormonal contraceptive containing 0.035 mg ethinylestradiol.

Effect of Xanthadu on other medicinal products

Oral contraceptives may affect the metabolism of certain other active substances. Accordingly, plasma and tissue concentrations may either increase (e.g. ciclosporin) or decrease (e.g. lamotrigine).

Based on in vivo interaction studies in female volunteers using omeprazole, simvastatin oral and midazolam as marker substrate, a clinically relevant an interaction of drospirenone at doses of 3 mg with the cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of other active substances is unlikely.

Clinical data suggests that ethinylestradiol is inhibiting the clearance of CYP1A2 substrates leading to a weak (e.g. theophylline) or moderate (e.g. tizanidine) increase in their plasma concentration.

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Concomitant use with the medicinal products containing ombitasvir/pa­ritaprevir/ri­tonavir and dasabuvir, with or without ribavirin may increase the risk of ALT elevations (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).

Therefore, Xanthadu-users must switch to an alternative method of contraception (e.g., progestagen-only contraception or non-hormonal methods) prior to starting therapy with this combination drug regimen. Xanthadu can be restarted 2 weeks following completion of treatment with this combination drug regimen.

In patients without renal insufficiency, the concomitant use of drospirenone and ACEinhibitors or NSAIDs did not show a significant effect on serum potassium. Nevertheless, concomitant use of Xanthadu with aldosterone antagonists or potassium-sparing diuretics has not been studied. In this case, serum potassium should be tested during the first treatment cycle. See also section 4.4.

Other forms interactions

Laboratory tests

The use of contraceptive steroids may influence the results of certain laboratory tests, including biochemical parameters of liver, thyroid, adrenal and renal function, plasma levels of (carrier) proteins, e.g. corticosteroid-binding globulin and lipid/lipoprotein fractions, parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Changes generally remain within the normal laboratory range. Drospirenone causes an increase in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone induced by its mild antimineralocor­ticoid activity.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Xanthadu is not indicated during pregnancy.

If pregnancy occurs during use of Xanthadu, the preparation should be withdrawn immediately. Extensive epidemiological studies have revealed neither an increased risk of birth defects in children born to women who used COCs prior to pregnancy, nor a teratogenic effect when COCs were taken inadvertently during pregnancy.

Animal studies have shown undesirable effects during pregnancy and lactation (see section 5.3). Based on these animal data, undesirable effects due to hormonal action of the active compounds cannot be excluded. However, general experience with COCs during pregnancy did not provide evidence for an actual adverse effect in humans.

The available data regarding the use of Xanthadu during pregnancy are too limited to permit conclusions concerning negative effects of Xanthadu on pregnancy, health of the foetus or neonate. To date, no relevant epidemiological data are available.

The increased risk of VTE during the postpartum period should be considered when re-starting Xanthadu (see section 4.2 and 4.4).

Breastfeeding

Lactation may be influenced by COCs as they may reduce the quantity and change the composition of breast milk. Therefore, the use of COCs should generally not be recommended until the breast-feeding mother has completely weaned her child. Small amounts of the contraceptive steroids and/or their metabolites may be excreted with the milk during COC use. These amounts may affect the child.

Fertility

Xanthadu is indicated for the prevention of pregnancy. For information on return to fertility, see section 5.1.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. No effects on ability to drive and use machines have been observed in users of COCs.

4.8 Undesirable effects

The following adverse drug reactions have been reported during use of <invented name>.

The table below reports adverse reactions by MedDRA system organ classes (MedDRA SOCs). The frequencies are based on clinical trial data. The most appropriate MedDRA term is used to describe a certain reaction and its synonyms and related conditions.

Adverse drug reactions which have been associated with the use of <invented name> as oral contraceptive or in the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris according to the MedDRA system organ classes and MedDRA terms

*bleeding irregularities usually subside during continued treatment

Description of selected adverse reactions

An increased risk of arterial and venous thrombotic and thrombo-embolic events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has been observed in women using combined hormonal contraceptives, which are discussed in more detail in section 4.4.

The following serious adverse events have been reported in women using COCs, which are discussed in section 4.4:

small in relation to the overall risk of breast cancer. Causation with COC use is unknown. For further information, see sections 4.3 and 4.4.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse via www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9 Overdose

There has not yet been any experience of overdose with Xanthadu. On the basis of general experience with combined oral contraceptives, symptoms that may possibly occur in case of taking an overdose of active tablets are: nausea, vomiting and, in young girls, slight vaginal bleeding. There are no antidotes and further treatment should be symptomatic.

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use; Progestogens and estrogens, fixed combinations,ATC code: G03AA12

Pearl Index for method failure: 0.41 (upper two-sided 95 % confidence limit: 0.85).

Overall Pearl Index (method failure + patient failure): 0.80 (upper two-sided 95% confidence limit: 1.30).

The contraceptive effect of Xanthadu is based on the interaction of various factors, the most important of which are seen as the inhibition of ovulation and the changes in the endometrium.

In a 3-cycle ovulation inhibition study comparing drospirenone 3 mg / ethinylestradiol 0.20 mg in a 24-day-regimen and a 21-day-regimen, the 24-day-regimen was associated with greater suppression of follicular development. After intentionally introduced dosing errors during the third cycle of treatment, a greater proportion of women in the 21-day-regimen showed ovarian activity including escape ovulations compared to the women taking the 24-day-regimen. Ovarian activity returned to pretreatment levels during the post-treatment cycle in 91.8% of the women who took the 24-day regimen.

Xanthadu is a combined oral contraceptive with ethinylestradiol and the progestogen drospirenone. In a therapeutic dosage, drospirenone also possesses antiandrogenic and mild antimineralocor­ticoid properties. It has no estrogenic, glucocorticoid and antiglucocorticoid activity. This gives drospirenone a pharmacological profile closely resembling the natural hormone progesterone.

There are indications from clinical studies that the mild antimineralocor­ticoid properties of Xanthadu result in a mild antimineralocor­ticoid effect.

Two multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xanthadu in women with moderate acne vulgaris.

After six months of treatment, in comparison with placebo, Xanthadu showed a statistically significantly greater reduction of 15.6% (49.3% versus 33.7%) in inflammatory lesions, 18.5% (40.6% versus 22.1%) in non-inflammatory lesions, and 16.5% (44.6% versus 28.1%) in total lesion counts. In addition, a higher percentage of subjects, 11.8% (18.6% versus 6.8%), showed a ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’ rating on the Investigator’s Sta­tic Global Assessment (ISGA) scale.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Orally administered drospirenone is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. Maximum concentrations of the active substance in serum of about 38 ng/ml are reached at about 1–2 h after single ingestion. Bioavailability is between 76 and 85%. Concomitant ingestion of food has no influence on the bioavailability of drospirenone.

Distribution

After oral administration, serum drospirenone levels decrease with a terminal half-life of 31 h.

Drospirenone is bound to serum albumin and does not bind to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or corticoid binding globulin (CBG). Only 3 – 5 % of the total serum concentrations of the active substance are present as free steroid. The ethinylestradiol-induced increase in SHBG does not influence the serum protein binding of drospirenone. The mean apparent volume of distribution of drospirenone is 3.7 ± 1.2 l/kg.

Biotransformation

Drospirenone is extensively metabolized after oral administration. The major metabolites in the plasma are the acid form of drospirenone, generated by opening of the lactone ring, and the 4,5-dihydro-drospirenone-3-sulfate, formed by reduction and subsequent sulfation. Drospirenone is also subject to oxidative metabolism catalyzed by CYP3A4

In vitro, drospirenone is capable to inhibit weakly to moderately the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.

Elimination

The metabolic clearance rate of drospirenone in serum is 1.5 ± 0.2 ml/min/kg. Drospirenone is excreted only in trace amounts in unchanged form. The metabolites of drospirenone are excreted with the faeces and urine at an excretion ratio of about 1.2 to 1.4. The half-life of metabolite excretion with the urine and faeces is about 40h.

Steady-State Conditions

During a treatment cycle, maximum steady-state concentrations of drospirenone in serum of about 70 ng/ml are reached after about 8 days of treatment. Serum drospirenone levels accumulated by a factor of about 3 as a consequence of the ratio of terminal half-life and dosing interval.

Special Populations

Effect of renal impairment

Steady-state serum drospirenone levels in women with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance CLcr, 50–80 mL/min) were comparable to those of women with normal renal function. The serum drospirenone levels were on average 37 % higher in women with moderate renal impairment (CLcr, 30 – 50 mL/min) compared to those in women with normal renal function. Drospirenone treatment was also well tolerated by women with mild and moderate renal impairment. Drospirenone treatment did not show any clinically significant effect on serum potassium concentration.

Effect of hepatic impairment

In a single dose study, oral clearance (CL/F) was decreased approximately 50 % in volunteers with moderate hepatic impairment as compared to those with normal liver function. The observed decline in drospirenone clearance in volunteers with moderate hepatic impairment did not translate into any apparent difference in terms of serum potassium concentrations. Even in the presence of diabetes and concomitant treatment with spironolactone (two factors that can predispose a patient to hyperkalemia) an increase in serum potassium concentrations above the upper limit of the normal range was not observed. It can be concluded that drospirenone is well tolerated in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B).

Ethnic groups

No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of drospirenone or ethinylestradiol between Japanese and Caucasian women have been observed.

Absorption

Orally administered ethinylestradiol is absorbed rapidly and completely. Peak serum concentrations of about 33 pg/ml are reached within 1 – 2 hours after single oral administration. Absolute bioavailability as a result of presystemic conjugation and first-pass metabolism is approximately 60 %. Concomitant intake of food reduced the bioavailability of ethinylestradiol in about 25 % of the investigated subjects while no change was observed in the others.

Distribution

Serum ethinylestradiol levels decrease in two phases, the terminal disposition phase is characterized by a half-life of approximately 24 hours. Ethinylestradiol is highly but non-specifically bound to serum albumin (approximately 98.5 %), and induces an increase in the serum concentrations of SHBG and corticoid binding globulin (CBG). An apparent volume of distribution of about 5 l/kg was determined.

Biotransformation

Ethinylestradiol is subject to significant gut and hepatic first-pass metabolism.. Ethinylestradiolis primarily metabolized by aromatic hydroxylation but a wide variety of hydroxylated and methylated metabolites are formed, and these are present as free metabolites and as conjugates with glucuronides and sulfate. The metabolic clearance rate of ethinylestradiol is about 5 ml/min/kg.

In vitro, ethinylestradiol is a reversible inhibitor of CYP2C19, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 as well as a mechanism based inhibitor of CYP3A4/5, CYP2C8, and CYP2J2.

Elimination

Ethinylestradiol is not excreted in unchanged form to any significant extent. The metabolites of ethinylestradiol are excreted at a urinary to biliary ratio of 4:6. The half-life of metabolite excretion is about 1 day.

Steady-state conditions

Steady-state conditions are reached during the second half of a treatment cycle and serum levels of ethinylestradiol accumulate by a factor of about 2.0 to 2.3

5.3 Preclinical safety data

In laboratory animals, the effects of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol were confined to those associated with the recognised pharmacological action. In particular, reproduction toxicity studies revealed embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects in animals which are considered as species specific. At exposures exceeding those in users of Xanthadu, effects on sexual differentiation were observed in rat fetuses but not in monkeys.

6.1 List of excipients

Active film-coated tablets (pink):

Tablet core:

o Lactose monohydrate

o Pregelatinized starch (maize)

o Povidone K-30 (E1201)

o Sodium croscarmellose

o Polysorbate 80 (E433)

o Magnesium stearate (E470b)

Tablet film-coating:

o Poly (vinyl alcohol)

o Titanium dioxide (E171)

o Macrogol 3350

o Talc (E553b)

o Yellow iron oxide (E172)

o Red iron oxide (E172)

o Black iron oxide (E172)

Placebo film-coated tablets (white):

Tablet core:

o Lactose anhydrous

o Povidone K-30 (E1201)

o Magnesium stearate (E470b)

Tablet film-coating:

o Poly (vinyl alcohol)

o Titanium dioxide (E171)

o Macrogol 3350

o Talc (E553b)

6.2 Incompatibilities

6.3    Shelf life

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Store below 30°C.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Clear to slightly opaque transparent PVC/PVdC-Al blister.

Pack sizes:

1 × 28 film-coated tablets (24 active tablets plus 4 placebo tablets)

3 × 28 film-coated tablets (24 active tablets plus 4 placebo tablets)

6 × 28 film-coated tablets (24 active tablets plus 4 placebo tablets)

13 × 28 film-coated tablets (24 active tablets plus 4 placebo tablets)

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements