Summary of medicine characteristics - Vitrakvi
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
VITRAKVI 25 mg hard capsules
VITRAKVI 100 mg hard capsules
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
VITRAKVI 25 mg hard capsules
Each hard capsule contains larotrectinib sulfate equivalent to 25 mg of larotrectinib.
VITRAKVI 100 mg hard capsules
Each hard capsule contains larotrectinib sulfate equivalent to 100 mg of larotrectinib.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Hard capsule (capsule).
VITRAKVI 25 mg hard capsules
White opaque hard gelatine capsule, size 2 (18 mm long x 6 mm wide), with blue printing of BAYER-cross and “25 mg” on body of capsule.
VITRAKVI 100 mg hard capsules
White opaque hard gelatine capsule, size 0 (22 mm long x 7 mm wide), with blue printing of BAYER-cross and “100 mg” on body of capsule.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications
VITRAKVI as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult and paediatric patients with solid tumours that display a Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) gene fusion, – who have a disease that is locally advanced, metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and
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– who have no satisfactory treatment options (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment with VITRAKVI should be initiated by physicians experienced in the administration of anticancer therapies.
The presence of an NTRK gene fusion in a tumour specimen should be confirmed by a validated test prior to initiation of treatment with VITRAKVI.
Posology
Adults
The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg larotrectinib twice daily, until disease progression or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.
Paediatric population
Dosing in paediatric patients is based on body surface area (BSA). The recommended dose in paediatric patients is 100 mg/m2 larotrectinib twice daily with a maximum of 100 mg per dose until disease progression or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.
Missed dose
If a dose is missed, the patient should not take two doses at the same time to make up for a missed dose. Patients should take the next dose at the next scheduled time. If the patient vomits after taking a dose, the patient should not take an additional dose to make up for vomiting.
Dose modification
For all Grade 2 adverse reactions, continued dosing may be appropriate, though close monitoring to ensure no worsening of the toxicity is advised. Patients with Grade 2 ALT and/or AST increases, should be followed with serial laboratory evaluations every one to two weeks after the observation of Grade 2 toxicity until resolved to establish whether a dose interruption or reduction is required.
For Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions:
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– VITRAKVI should be withheld until the adverse reaction resolves or improves to baseline or Grade 1. Resume at the next dose modification if resolution occurs within 4 weeks.
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– VITRAKVI should be permanently discontinued if an adverse reaction does not resolve within 4 weeks.
The recommended dose modifications for VITRAKVI for adverse reactions are provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Recommended dose modifications for VITRAKVI for adverse reactions
| Dose modification | Adult and paediatric patients with body surface area of at least 1.0 m2 | Paediatric patients with body surface area less than 1.0 m2 |
| First | 75 mg twice daily | 75 mg/m2 twice daily |
| Second | 50 mg twice daily | 50 mg/m2 twice daily |
| Third | 100 mg once daily | 25 mg/m2 twice dailya |
a Paediatric patients on 25 mg/m2 twice daily should remain on this dose even if body surface area becomes greater 1.0 m2 during the treatment. Maximum dose should be 25 mg/m2 twice daily at the third dose modification.
VITRAKVI should be permanently discontinued in patients who are unable to tolerate VITRAKVI after three dose modifications.
Special populations
Elderly
No dose adjustment is recommended in elderly patients (see section 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
The starting dose of VITRAKVI should be reduced by 50% in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh B) to severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment. No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A) (see section 5.2).
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).
Co-administration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
If co-administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary, the VITRAKVI dose should be reduced by 50%. After the inhibitor has been discontinued for 3 to 5 elimination half-lives, VITRAKVI should be resumed at the dose taken prior to initiating the CYP3A4 inhibitor (see section 4.5).
Method of administration
VITRAKVI is for oral use.
VITRAKVI is available as a capsule or oral solution with equivalent oral bioavailability and may be used interchangeably.
The patient should be advised to swallow the capsule whole with a glass of water. Due to the bitter taste, the capsule should not be opened, chewed or crushed.
The capsules can be taken with or without food but should not be taken with grapefruit or grapefruit juice.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Efficacy across tumour types
The benefit of VITRAKVI has been established in single arm trials encompassing a relatively small sample of patients whose tumours exhibit NTRK gene fusions. Favourable effects of VITRAKVI have been shown on the basis of overall response rate and response duration in a limited number of tumour types. The effect may be quantitatively different depending on tumour type, as well as on concomitant genetic alterations (see section 5.1). For these reasons, VITRAKVI should only be used if there are no treatment options for which clinical benefit has been established, or where such treatment options have been exhausted (i.e., no satisfactory treatment options).
Neurologic reactions
Neurologic reactions including dizziness, gait disturbance and paraesthesia were reported in patients receiving larotrectinib (see section 4.8). For the majority of neurologic reactions, onset occurred within the first three months of treatment. Withholding, reducing, or discontinuing VITRAKVI dosing should be considered, depending on the severity and persistence of these symptoms (see section 4.2).
Transaminase elevations
ALT and AST increase were reported in patients receiving larotrectinib (see section 4.8). The majority of ALT and AST increases occurred in the first 3 months of treatment.
Liver function including ALT and AST assessments should be monitored before the first dose and monthly for the first 3 months of treatment, then periodically during treatment, with more frequent testing in patients who develop transaminase elevations. Withhold or permanently discontinue VITRAKVI based on the severity. If withheld, the VITRAKVI dose should be modified when resumed (see section 4.2).
Co-administration with CYP3A4/P-gp inducers
Avoid co-administration of strong or moderate CYP3A4/P-gp inducers with VITRAKVI due to a risk of decreased exposure (see section 4.5).
Contraception in female and male
Women of childbearing potential must use highly effective contraception while taking VITRAKVI and for at least one month after stopping treatment (see sections 4.5 and 4.6).
Males of reproductive potential with a non-pregnant woman partner of child bearing potential should be advised to use highly effective contraception during treatment with VITRAKVI and for at least one month after the final dose (see section 4.6).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Effects of other agents on larotrectinib
Effect of CYP3A, P-gp and BCRP inhibitors on larotrectinib
Larotrectinib is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Co-administration of VITRAKVI with strong CYP3A inhibitors, P-gp and BCRP inhibitors (e.g. atazanavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, troleandomycin, voriconazole or grapefruit) may increase larotrectinib plasma concentrations (see section 4.2).
Clinical data in healthy adult subjects indicate that co-administration of a single 100 mg VITRAKVI dose with itraconazole (a strong CYP3A inhibitor and P-gp and BCRP inhibitor) 200 mg once daily for 7 days increased larotrectinib Cmax and AUC by 2.8-fold and 4.3-fold, respectively.
Clinical data in healthy adult subjects indicate that co-administration of a single 100 mg VITRAKVI dose with a single dose of 600 mg rifampin (a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor) increased larotrectinib Cmax and AUC by 1.8-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively.
Effect of CYP3A and P-gp inducers on larotrectinib
Co-administration of VITRAKVI with strong or moderate CYP3A and P-gp inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutin, rifampin, or St. John’s Wort) may decrease larotrectinib plasma concentrations and should be avoided (see section 4.4).
Clinical data in healthy adult subjects indicate that co-administration of a single 100 mg VITRAKVI dose with rifampin (a strong CYP3A and P-gp inducer) 600 mg once daily for 11 days decreased larotrectinib Cmax and AUC by 71% and 81%, respectively. No clinical data is available on the effect of a moderate inducer, but a decrease in larotrectinib exposure is expected.
Effects of larotrectinib on other agents
Effect of larotrectinib on CYP3A substrates
Clinical data in healthy adult subjects indicate that co-administration of VITRAKVI (100 mg twice daily for 10 days) increased the Cmax and AUC of oral midazolam 1.7-fold compared to midazolam alone, suggesting that larotrectinib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A.
Exercise caution with concomitant use of CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic range (e.g. alfentanil, ciclosporin, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, or tacrolimus) in patients taking VITRAKVI. If concomitant use of these CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic range is required in patients taking VITRAKVI, dose reductions of the CYP3A substrates may be required due to adverse reactions.
Effect of larotrectinib on CYP2B6 substrates
In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib induces CYP2B6. Co-administration of larotrectinib with CYP2B6 substrates (e.g. bupropion, efavirenz) may decrease their exposure.
Effect of larotrectinib on other transporter substrates
In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib is an inhibitor of OATP1B1. No clinical studies have been performed to investigate interactions with OATP1B1 substrates. Therefore, it cannot be excluded whether co-administration of larotrectinib with OATP1B1 substrates (e.g. valsarían, statins) may increase their exposure.
Effect of larotrectinib on substrates of PXR regulated enzymes
In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib is a weak inducer of PXR regulated enzymes (e.g. CYP2C family and UGT). Co-administration of larotrectinib with CYP2C8, CYP2C9 or CYP2C19 substrates (e.g. repaglinide, warfarin, tolbutamide or omeprazole) may decrease their exposure.
Hormonal contraceptives
It is currently unknown whether larotrectinib may reduce the effectiveness of systemically acting hormonal contraceptives. Therefore, women using systemically acting hormonal contraceptives should be advised to add a barrier method.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential / Contraception in males and females
Based on the mechanism of action, foetal harm cannot be excluded when administering larotrectinib to a pregnant woman. Women of childbearing potential should have a pregnancy test prior to starting treatment with VITRAKVI.
Women of reproductive potential should be advised to use highly effective contraception during treatment with VITRAKVI and for at least one month after the final dose. As it is currently unknown whether larotrectinib may reduce the effectiveness of systemically acting hormonal contraceptives, women using systemically acting hormonal contraceptives should be advised to add a barrier method. Males of reproductive potential with a non-pregnant woman partner of child-bearing potential should be advised to use highly effective contraception during treatment with VITRAKVI and for at least one month after the final dose.
Pregnancy
There are no data from the use of larotrectinib in pregnant women.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of VITRAKVI during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether larotrectinib/metabolites are excreted in human milk.
A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with VITRAKVI and for 3 days following the final dose.
Fertility
There are no clinical data on the effect of larotrectinib on fertility. No relevant effects on fertility were observed in repeat-dose toxicity studies (see section 5.3).
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4.7 Effects on ability to drive or use machines
VITRAKVI has a moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Dizziness and fatigue have been reported in patients receiving larotrectinib, mostly Grade 1 and 2 during the first 3 months of treatment. This may influence the ability to drive and use machines during this time period. Patients should be advised not to drive and use machines, until they are reasonably certain VITRAKVI therapy does not affect them adversely (see section 4.4).
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse drug reactions (> 20%) of VITRAKVI in order of decreasing frequency were increased ALT (31%), increased AST (29%), vomiting (29%), constipation (28%), fatigue (26%), nausea (25%), anaemia (24%), dizziness (23%), and myalgia (20%).
The majority of adverse reactions were Grade 1 or 2. Grade 4 was the highest reported grade for adverse reactions neutrophil count decreased (2%), ALT increased (1%), AST increased, leucocyte count decreased and blood alkaline phosphatase increased (each in < 1%). The highest reported grade was Grade 3 for adverse reactions anaemia, weight increased, fatigue, dizziness, paraesthesia, muscular weakness, nausea, myalgia, gait disturbance, and vomiting. All the reported Grade 3 adverse reactions occurred in less than 5% of patients, with the exception of anaemia (7%).
Permanent discontinuation of VITRAKVI for treatment emergent adverse reactions occurred in 2% of patients (one case each of ALT increased, AST increased, gait disturbance, neutrophil count decreased). The majority of adverse reactions leading to dose reduction occurred in the first three months of treatment.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The safety of VITRAKVI was evaluated in 248 patients with TRK fusion-positive cancer in one of three on-going clinical trials, Studies 1, 2 (“NAVIGATE”), and 3 (“SCOUT”). The safety population characteristics were comprised of patients with a median age of 32.5 years (range: 0.1, 84) with 39% of patients being paediatric patients. Median time on treatment for the overall safety population (n=248) was 12.5 months (range: 0.03, 57.5).
The adverse drug reactions reported in patients (n=248) treated with VITRAKVI are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
The adverse drug reactions are classified according to the System Organ Class.
Frequency groups are defined by the following convention: very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from available data).
Within each frequency group, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Table 2: Adverse drug reactions reported in TRK fusion-positive cancer patients treated with
| VITRAKVI at recommended dose (overa | l safety population, n=248) | ||
| System organ class | Frequency | All grades | Grades 3 and 4 |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Very common | Anaemia Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) | |
| Common | Anaemia Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia)a | ||
| Uncommon | Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) | ||
| Nervous system disorders | Very common | Dizziness | |
| Common | Gait disturbance Paraesthesia | Dizziness Paraesthesia Gait disturbance | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common | Nausea Constipation Vomiting | |
| Common | Dysgeusiab | Vomiting | |
| Uncommon | Nausea | ||
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Very common | Myalgia | |
| Common | Muscular weakness | Myalgia Muscular weakness | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Very common | Fatigue | |
| Common | Fatigue | ||
| Investigations | Very common | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) | |
| Common | Blood alkaline phosphatase increased | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increaseda Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increaseda Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) | |
| Uncommon | Blood alkaline phosphatase increased | ||
a Grade 4 reactions were reported
b ADR dysgeusia includes the preferred terms “dysgeusia” and “taste disorder”
Table 3: Adverse drug reactions reported in TRK fusion-positive paediatric cancer patients treated with VITRAKVI at recommended dose (n=98); all Grades
| System organ class | Frequency | Infants and toddlers (n=35) a | Children (n=45) b | Adolescents (n=18) c | Paediatric patients (n=98) |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Very common | Anaemia Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) | Anaemia Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) | Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) | Anaemia Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) Leukocyte count decreased (Leukopenia) |
| Common | Anaemia | ||||
| Nervous system disorders | Very common | Dizziness | |||
| Common | Dizziness | Dizziness Paraesthesia Gait disturbance | Paraesthesia | Dizziness Paraesthesia Gait disturbance | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common | Nausea Constipation Vomiting | Nausea Constipation Vomiting | Nausea Vomiting | Nausea Constipation Vomiting |
| Common | Dysgeusia | Constipation | Dysgeusia | ||
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Common | Myalgia Muscular weakness | Myalgia Muscular weakness | Myalgia Muscular weakness | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Very common | Fatigue | Fatigue | Fatigue | Fatigue |
| Investigations | Very common | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) Blood alkaline phosphatase increased | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased Blood alkaline phosphatase increased Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain) Blood alkaline phosphatase increased |
| Common | Blood alkaline phosphatase increased |
a Infant/toddlers (28 days to 23 months): four Grade 4 Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia) reactions and one Blood alkaline phosphatase increased reported. Grade 3 reactions included ten cases of Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia), three cases of Anaemia, three cases of Weight increased (Abnormal weight gain), and one case each of ALT increased and Vomiting.
b Children (2 to 11 years): One Grade 4 Leucocytes count decreased reported. Six reported Grade 3 cases of Neutrophil count decreased (Neutropenia), two cases of Anaemia, and one case each of ALT increased, AST increased, Gait disturbance, Vomiting, Paraesthesia and Myalgia.
c Adolescents (12 to <18 years): no Grades 3 and 4 reactions were reported.
Description of selected adverse reactions
Neurologic reactions
In the overall safety database (n=248), the maximum grade neurologic adverse reaction observed was Grade 3 which was observed in five (3%) patients and included dizziness (two patients, 1%), paraesthesia (three patients, 1%), and gait disturbance (one patient, <1%). The overall incidence was 23% for dizziness, 7% for paraesthesia and 4% for gait disturbance. Neurologic reactions leading to dose modification included dizziness (1%) and paraesthesia (1%). One patient permanently discontinued the treatment due to Grade 3 gait disturbance. In all cases except of one, patients with evidence of anti-tumour activity who required a dose reduction were able to continue dosing at a reduced dose and/or schedule (see section 4.4).
Transaminase elevations
In the overall safety database (n=248), the maximum grade transaminase elevation observed was Grade 4 ALT increase in 3 patients (1%) and AST increase in 2 patients (1%). Grade 3 ALT and AST increases in 11 (4%) and 10 (4%) of patients, respectively. Majority of Grade 3 elevations were transient appearing in the first three months of treatment and resolving to Grade 1 by months 3–4. Grade 2 ALT and AST increases were observed in 18 (7%) and 20 (8%) of patients, respectively, and Grade 1 ALT and AST increases were observed in 122 (49%) and 115 (46%) of patients, respectively. ALT and AST increases leading to dose modifications occurred in 13 (5%) patients and 12 (5%) patients, respectively (see section 4.4). No patient permanently discontinued the treatment due to Grade 3–4 ALT and AST increases.
Additional information on special populations
Paediatric patients
Of the 248 patients treated with VITRAKVI, 98 (40%) patients were from 28 days to 18 years of age. Of these 98 patients, 36% were 28 days to < 2 years (n=35), 46% were 2 years to < 12 years (n=45), and 18% were 12 years to < 18 years (n=18). The safety profile in the paediatric population (< 18 years) was consistent in types of reported adverse reactions to those observed in the adult population. The majority of adverse reactions were Grade 1 or 2 in severity (see Table 3) and were resolved without VITRAKVI dose modification or discontinuation. The adverse reactions of vomiting (48% versus 16% in adults), leucocyte count decrease (17% versus 9% in adults), neutrophil count decrease (31% versus 6% in adults), and blood alkaline phosphatase increased (13% versus 5% in adults) were more frequent in paediatric patients compared to adults.
Elderly
Of the 248 patients in the overall safety population who received VITRAKVI, 40 (16%) patients were 65 years or older and 11 (4%) patients were 75 years or older. The safety profile in elderly patients (> 65 years) is consistent with that seen in younger patients. The adverse reaction dizziness (48% versus 35% in all adults), anaemia (38% versus 24% in all adults), muscular weakness (23% versus 12% in all adults), and gait disturbance (10% versus 5% in all adults) were more frequent in patients of 65 years or older.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in
4.9 Overdose
There is limited experience of overdose with VITRAKVI. Symptoms of overdose are not established. In the event of overdose, physicians should follow general supportive measures and treat symptomatically.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01EX12.
Mechanism of action
Larotrectinib is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive and selective tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitor that was rationally designed to avoid activity with off-target kinases. The target for larotrectinib is the TRK family of proteins inclusive of TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC that are encoded by NTRK1 , NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes, respectively. In a broad panel of purified enzyme assays, larotrectinib inhibited TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC with IC50 values between 5–11 nM. The only other kinase activity occurred at 100-fold higher concentrations. In in vitro and in vivo tumour models, larotrectinib demonstrated anti-tumour activity in cells with constitutive activation of TRK proteins resulting from gene fusions, deletion of a protein regulatory domain, or in cells with TRK protein overexpression.
In-frame gene fusion events resulting from chromosomal rearrangements of the human genes NTRK1 , NTRK2 , and NTRK3 lead to the formation of oncogenic TRK fusion proteins. These resultant novel chimeric oncogenic proteins are aberrantly expressed, driving constitutive kinase activity subsequently activating downstream cell signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival leading to TRK fusion-positive cancer.
Acquired resistance mutations after progression on TRK inhibitors have been observed. Larotrectinib had minimal activity in cell lines with point mutations in the TRKA kinase domain, including the clinically identified acquired resistance mutation, G595R. Point mutations in the TRKC kinase domain with clinically identified acquired resistance to larotrectinib include G623R, G696A, and F617L.
The molecular causes for primary resistance to larotrectinib are not known. It is therefore not known if the presence of a concomitant oncogenic driver in addition to an NTRK gene fusion affects the efficacy of TRK inhibition. The measured impact of any concomitant genomic alterations on larotrectinib efficacy is provided below (see clinical efficacy).
Pharmacodynamic effect
Cardiac electrophysiology
In 36 healthy adult subjects receiving single doses ranging from 100 mg to 900 mg, VITRAKVI did not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent.
The 200 mg dose corresponds to a peak exposure (Cmax) similar to that observed with larotrectinib 100 mg BID at steady state. A shortening of QTcF was observed with VITRAKVI dosing, with a maximum mean effect observed between 3 and 24 hours after Cmax, with a geometric mean decrease in QTcF from baseline of –13.2 msec (range –10 to –15.6 msec). Clinical relevance of this finding has not been established.
Clinical efficacy
Overview of studies
The efficacy and safety of VITRAKVI were studied in three multicentre, open-label, single-arm clinical studies in adult and paediatric cancer patients (Table 4). The studies are still ongoing. Patients with and without documented NTRK gene fusion were allowed to participate in Study 1 and Study 3 (“SCOUT”). Patients enrolled to Study 2 (“NAVIGATE”) were required to have TRK fusion-positive cancer. The pooled primary analysis set of efficacy includes 192 patients with TRK fusion-positive cancer enrolled across the three studies that had measurable disease assessed by RECIST v1.1, a non-CNS primary tumour and received at least one dose of larotrectinib as of
July 2020. These patients were required to have received prior standard therapy appropriate for their tumour type and stage of disease or who, in the opinion of the investigator, would have had to undergo radical surgery (such as limb amputation, facial resection, or paralysis causing procedure), or were unlikely to tolerate, or derive clinically meaningful benefit from available standard of care therapies in the advanced disease setting. The major efficacy outcome measures were overall response rate (ORR) and duration of response (DOR), as determined by a blinded independent review committee (BIRC). In addition, 33 patients with primary CNS tumours and measurable disease at baseline were treated in Study 2 (“NAVIGATE”) and in Study 3 (“SCOUT”). Thirty-two of the 33 primary CNS tumour patients had received prior cancer treatment (surgery, radiotherapy and/or previous systemic therapy). Tumour responses were assessed by the investigator using RANO or RECIST v1.1 criteria.
Identification of NTRK gene fusions relied upon the molecular test methods: next generation sequencing (NGS) used in 196 patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used in 12 patients, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) used in 14 patients, and Nanostring, Sanger sequencing, and Chromosome Microarray in 1 patient each.
Table 4: Clinical studies contributing to the efficacy analyses in solid and primary CNS tumours
| Study name, design and patient population | Dose and formulation | Tumour types included in efficacy analysis | n |
| Study 1 NCT02122913
| Doses up to 200 mg once or twice daily (25 mg, 100 mg capsules or 20 mg/mL oral solution) | Thyroid (n=4) Salivary gland (n=3) GIST (n=2)a Soft tissue sarcoma (n=2) NSCLC (n=1)b> c Unknown primary cancer (n=1) | 13 |
| Study 2 “NAVIGATE” NCT02576431
| 100 mg twice daily (25 mg, 100 mg capsules or 20 mg/mL oral solution) | Thyroid (n=24)b Soft tissue sarcoma (n=20) Salivary gland (n=19) NSCLC (n=13)b> c Primary CNS (n=9) Colorectal (n=8) Melanoma (n=6) Breast, secretory (n=4) Breast, non-secretory (n=3) GIST (n=2)a Biliary (n=2) Pancreas (n=2) SCLC (n=1)b> d Appendix (n=1) Bone sarcoma (n=1) Hepatice (n=1) Prostate (n=1) Cervix (n=1) | 118 |
| Study 3 “SCOUT” NCT02637687
| Doses up to 100 mg/m2 twice daily (25 mg, 100 mg capsules or 20 mg/mL oral solution) | Infantile fibrosarcoma (n=40) Soft tissue sarcoma (n=26) Primary CNS (n=24) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (n=2) Bone sarcoma (n=1) Melanoma (n=1) | 94 |
| Total number of patients (n)* | 225 | ||
consist of 192 patients with IRC tumour response assessment and 33 patients with primary CNS tumours (including astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioma, glioneuronal tumours, neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours, and primitive neuro-ectodermal tumour, not specified) with investigator tumour response assessment
a GIST: gastrointestinal stromal tumour
b brain metastases observed in 7 NSCLC, 4 thyroid, 2 melanoma, 1 SCLC, and 1 breast (non-secretory) patient
c NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer
d SCLC: small cell lung cancer
e hepatocellular carcinoma
Baseline characteristics for the pooled 192 patients with solid tumours with an NTRK gene fusion were as follows: median age 38 years (range 0.1–84 years); 37% < 18 years of age, and 64% > 18 years; 72% white and 51% male; and ECOG PS 0–1 (87%), 2 (11%), or 3 (2%). Ninety-two percent of patients had received prior treatment for their cancer, defined as surgery, radiotherapy, or systemic therapy. Of these, 73% had received prior systemic therapy with a median of 1 prior systemic treatment regimen. Twenty-seven percent of all patients had received no prior systemic therapy. Of those 192 patients the most common tumour types represented were soft tissue sarcoma (25%), infantile fibrosarcoma (21%), thyroid cancer (15%), salivary gland tumour (11%), and lung cancer (8%).
Baseline characteristics for the 33 patients with primary CNS tumours with an NTRK gene fusion assessed by investigator were as follows: median age 9 years (range 1.3–79 years); 26 patients < 18 years of age, and 7 patients > 18 years, and 24 patients white and 17 patients male; and ECOG PS 0–1 (28 patients), or 2 (4 patients). Thirty-two (97%) patients had received prior treatment for their cancer, defined as surgery, radiotherapy, or systemic therapy. There was a median of 1 prior systemic treatment regimen received.
Efficacy results
The pooled efficacy results for overall response rate, duration of response and time to first response, in the primary analysis population (n=192) and with post-hoc addition of primary CNS tumours (n=33) resulting in the pooled population (n=225), are presented in Table 5 and Table 6.
Table 5: Pooled efficacy results in solid tumours including and excluding primary CNS tumours
| Efficacy parameter | Analysis in solid tumours excluding primary CNS tumours (n=192) a | Analysis in solid tumours including primary CNS tumours (n=225) a, b |
| Overall response rate (ORR) % (n) [95% CI] | 72% (139) [65, 79] | 65% (147) [59, 72] |
| Complete response (CR) | 23% (44) | 21% (47) |
| Pathological complete response0 | 7% (13) | 6% (13) |
| Partial response (PR) | 43% (82) | 39% (87)d |
| Time to first response (median, months) [range] | 1.84 [0.89, 16.20] | 1.84 [0.89, 16.20] |
| Duration of response (median, months) [range] % with duration > 12 months % with duration > 24 months | 34.5 [1.6+, 58.5+] 79% 66% | 34.5 [1.6+, 58.5+] 79% 66% |
+ denotes ongoing
a Independent review committee analysis by RECIST v1.1 for solid tumours except primary CNS tumours (192 patients).
b Investigator assessment using either RANO or RECIST v1.1 criteria for primary CNS tumours (33 patients).
c A pathological CR was a CR achieved by patients who were treated with larotrectinib and subsequently underwent surgical resection with no viable tumour cells and negative margins on post-surgical pathology evaluation. The pre-surgical best response for these patients was reclassified pathological CR after surgery following RECIST v.1.1.
d An additional 1% (2 patients with primary CNS tumours) had partial responses, pending confirmation.
Table 6: Overall response rate and duration of response by tumour type
| Tumour type | Patients (n=225) | ORR a | DOR | |||
| % | 95% CI | months | Range (months) | |||
| > 12 | > 24 | |||||
| Soft tissue sarcoma | 48 | 69% | 54%, 81% | 78% | 63% | 1.9+, 54.7 |
| Infantile fibrosarcoma | 40 | 93% | 80%, 98% | 80% | 62% | 1.6+, 38.5+ |
| Primary CNS | 33 | 24% | 11%, 42% | 75% | NR | 3.8, 22.0+ |
| Thyroid | 28 | 64% | 44%, 81% | 94% | 76% | 2.8+, 39.2+ |
| Salivary gland | 22 | 86% | 65%, 97% | 89% | 84% | 7.4, 58.5+ |
| Lung | 15 | 87% | 60%, 98% | 64% | 64% | 1.9+, 45.1+ |
| Colon | 8 | 38% | 9%, 76% | 67% | 67% | 5.6, 27.3 |
| Melanoma | 7 | 43% | 10%, 82% | 50% | NR | 1.9+, 23.2+ |
| Breast | 7 | |||||
| Secretoryb | 4 | 75% | 19%, 99% | 0% | 0% | 9.4+, 11.1 |
| Non-secretoryc | 3 | 67% | 9%, 99% | 100% | NR | 15.2, 23.0+ |
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumour | 4 | 100% | 40%, 100% | 75% | 38% | 9.5, 31.1+ |
| Bone sarcoma | 2 | 50% | 1%, 99% | 0% | 0% | 9.5 |
| Cholangiocarcinomad | 2 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Pancreas | 2 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Congenital mesoblastic nephroma | 2 | 100% | 16%, 100% | 100% | 100% | 6.4+, 24.2+ |
| Unknown primary cancer | 1 | 100% | 3%, 100% | 0% | 0% | 7.4 |
| Appendix | 1 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hepaticd | 1 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Prostate | 1 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cervix | 1 | 0% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
DOR: duration of response
NA: not applicable due to small numbers or lack of response
NR: not reached
+ denotes ongoing response
a evaluated per independent review committee analysis by RECIST v1.1 for all tumour types except patients with a primary CNS tumour who were evaluated per investigator assessment using either RANO or RECIST v1.1 criteria
b with 2 complete, 1 partial response
c with 1 complete, 1 partial response d one patient who is not evaluable
Due to the rarity of TRK fusion-positive cancer, patients were studied across multiple tumour types with a limited number of patients in some tumour types, causing uncertainty in the ORR estimate per tumour type. The ORR in the total population may not reflect the expected response in a specific tumour type.
In the adult sub-population (n=122), the ORR was 64%. In the paediatric sub-population (n=70), the ORR was 87%.
In 198 patients with wide molecular characterisation before larotrectinib treatment, the ORR in 95 patients who had other genomic alterations in addition to NTRK gene fusion was 55%, and in 103 patients without other genomic alterations ORR was 70%.
Pooled primary analysis set
The pooled primary analysis set consisted of 192 patients and did not include primary CNS tumours. Median time on treatment before disease progression was 34.5 months (range: 1.6 to 58.5 months) based on July 2020 cut-off. Seventy-nine percent of patients had received VITRAKVI for 12 months or more and 66% had received VITRAKVI 24 months or more, with follow-up ongoing at the time of the analysis.
At the time of analysis, the median duration of response is 34.5 months (range: 1.6+ to 58.5+), an estimated 79% [95% CI: 72, 86] of responses lasted 12 months or longer, and 66% [95% CI: 57, 73] of responses lasted 24 months or longer. Eighty-nine percent (89%) [95% CI: 85, 94] of patients treated were alive one year after the start of therapy and 82% [95% CI: 76, 88] after two years with the median for overall survival not yet being reached. Median progression free survival was 33.4 months at the time of the analysis, with a progression free survival rate of 67% [95% CI: 60, 74] after 1 year and 57% [95% CI: 49, 65] after 2 years.
The median change in tumour size in the pooled primary analysis set was a decrease of 70%.
Patients with primary CNS tumours
At the time of data cut-off, of the 33 patients with primary CNS tumours confirmed response was observed in 8 patients (24%) with 3 of the 33 patients (9%) being complete responders and 5 patients (15%) being partial responders. In 2 additional patients (6%) a not yet confirmed partial response was observed. Further 20 patients (61%) had stable disease. Three patients (9%) had progressive disease. At the time of data cut-off, time on treatment ranged from 1.2 to 31.3 months and was ongoing in 18 out of 33 patients, with one of these patients receiving post-progression treatment.
Conditional approval
This medicinal product has been authorised under a so-called ‘conditional approval’ scheme. This means that further evidence on this medicinal product is awaited.
The European Medicines Agency will review new information on this medicinal product at least every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
In cancer patients given VITRAKVI capsules, peak plasma levels (Cmax) of larotrectinib were achieved at approximately 1 hour after dosing. Half-life (t % ) is approximately 3 hours and steady state is reached within 8 days with a systemic accumulation of 1.6 fold. At the recommended dose of 100 mg taken twice daily, steady-state arithmetic mean (± standard deviation) Cmax and daily AUC in adults were 914 ± 445 ng/mL and 5410 ± 3813 ng*h/mL, respectively. In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib is not a substrate for either OATP1B1 or OATP1B3.
In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6 at clinically relevant concentrations and is unlikely to affect clearance of substrates of these CYPs.
In vitro studies indicate that larotrectinib does not inhibit the transporters BCRP, P-gp, OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, OATP1B3, BSEP, MATE1 and MATE2-K at clinically relevant concentrations and is unlikely to affect clearance of substrates of these transporters.
Absorption
VITRAKVI is available as a capsule and oral solution formulation.
The mean absolute bioavailability of larotrectinib was 34% (range: 32% to 37%) following a single 100 mg oral dose. In healthy adult subjects, the AUC of larotrectinib in the oral solution formulation was similar to the capsule, with Cmax 36% higher with the oral solution formulation.
Larotrectinib Cmax was reduced by approximately 35% and there was no effect on AUC in healthy subjects administered VITRAKVI after a high-fat and high-calorie meal compared to the Cmax and AUC after overnight fasting.
Effect of gastric pH-elevating agents on larotrectinib
Larotrectinib has pH-dependent solubility. In vitro studies show that in liquid volumes relevant to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract larotrectinib is fully soluble over entire pH range of the GI tract. Therefore, larotrectinib is unlikely to be affected by pH-modifying agents.
Distribution
The mean volume of distribution of larotrectinib in healthy adult subjects was 48 L following intravenous administration of an IV microtracer in conjunction with a 100 mg oral dose. Binding of larotrectinib to human plasma proteins in vitro was approximately 70% and was independent of drug concentration. The blood-to-plasma concentration ratio was approximately 0.9.
Biotransformation
Larotrectinib was metabolised predominantly by CYP3A4/5 in vitro. Following oral administration of a single 100 mg dose of radiolabeled larotrectinib to healthy adult subjects, unchanged larotrectinib (19%) and an O-glucuronide that is formed following loss of the hydroxypyrrolidine-urea moiety (26%) were the major circulating radioactive drug components.
Elimination
The half-life of larotrectinib in plasma of cancer patients given 100 mg twice daily of VITRAKVI was approximately 3 hours. Mean clearance (CL) of larotrectinib was approximately 34 L/h following intravenous administration of an IV microtracer in conjunction with a 100 mg oral dose of VITRAKVI.
Excretion
Following oral administration of 100 mg radiolabeled larotrectinib to healthy adult subjects, 58% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in faeces and 39% was recovered in urine and when an IV microtracer dose was given in conjunction with a 100 mg oral dose of larotrectinib, 35% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in faeces and 53% was recovered in urine. The fraction excreted as unchanged drug in urine was 29% following IV microtracer dose, indicating that direct renal excretion accounted for 29% of total clearance.
Linearity / non-linearity
The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of larotrectinib after a single dose in healthy adult subjects were dose proportional up to 400 mg and slightly greater than proportional at doses of 600 to 900 mg.
Special populations
Paediatric patients
Based on population pharmacokinetic analyses exposure (Cmax and AUC) in paediatric patients (1 month to <3 months of age) at the recommended dose of 100 mg/m2 with a maximum of 100 mg BID was 3-fold higher than in adults (>18 years of age) given the dose of 100 mg BID. At the recommended dose, the Cmax in paediatric patients (>3 months to <12 years of age) was higher than in adults, but the AUC was similar to that in adults. For paediatric patients older than 12 years of age, the recommended dose is likely to give similar Cmax and AUC as observed in adults.
Data defining exposure in small children (1 month to <6 years of age) at the recommended dose is limited (n=33).
Elderly
There are limited data in elderly. PK data is available only in 2 patients over 65 years.
Patients with hepatic impairment
A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in subjects with mild (Child-Pugh A), moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment, and in healthy adult control subjects with normal hepatic function matched for age, body mass index and sex. All subjects received a single 100 mg dose of larotrectinib. An increase in larotrectinib AUC« was observed in subjects with mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment of 1.3, 2 and 3.2-fold respectively versus those with normal hepatic function. Cmax was observed to increase slightly by 1.1, 1.1 and 1.5-fold respectively.
Patients with renal impairment
A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in subjects with end stage renal disease requiring dialysis, and in healthy adult control subjects with normal renal function matched for age, body mass index and sex. All subjects received a single 100 mg dose of larotrectinib. An increase in larotrectinib Cmax and AUCo-inf, of 1.25 and 1.46-fold respectively was observed in renally impaired subjects versus those with normal renal function.
Other special populations
Gender did not appear to influence larotrectinib pharmacokinetics to a clinically significant extent. There was not enough data to investigate the potential influence of race on the systemic exposure of larotrectinib.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Systemic toxicity
Systemic toxicity was assessed in studies with daily oral administration up to 3 months in rats and monkeys. Dose limiting skin lesions were only seen in rats and were primarily responsible for mortality and morbidity. Skin lesions were not seen in monkeys.
Clinical signs of gastrointestinal toxicity were dose limiting in monkeys. In rats, severe toxicity (STD10) was observed at doses corresponding to 1– to 2-times the human AUC at the recommended clinical dose. No relevant systemic toxicity was observed in monkeys at doses which correspond to > 10-times the human AUC at the recommended clinical dose.
Embryotoxicity / Teratogenicity
Larotrectinib was not teratogenic and embryotoxic when dosed daily during the period of organogenesis to pregnant rats and rabbits at maternotoxic doses, i.e. corresponding to 32-times (rats) and 16-times (rabbits) the human AUC at the recommended clinical dose. Larotrectinib crosses the placenta in both species.
Reproduction toxicity
Fertility studies with larotrectinib have not been conducted. In 3-months toxicity studies, larotrectinib had no histological effect on the male reproductive organs in rats and monkeys at the highest tested doses corresponding to approximately 7-times (male rats) and 10-times (male monkeys) the human AUC at the recommended clinical dose. In addition, larotrectinib had no effect on spermatogenesis in rats.
In a 1-month repeat-dose study in rats, fewer corpora lutea, increased incidence of anestrus and decreased uterine weight with uterine atrophy were observed and these effects were reversible. No effects on female reproductive organs were seen in the 3-months toxicity studies in rats and monkeys at doses corresponding to approximately 3-times (female rats) and 17-times (female monkeys) the human AUC at the recommended clinical dose.
Larotrectinib was administered to juvenile rats from postnatal day (PND) 7 to 70. Pre-weaning mortality (before PND 21) was observed at the high dose level corresponding to 2.5– to 4-times the AUC at the recommended dose. Growth and nervous system effects were seen at 0.5– to 4-times the AUC at the recommended dose. Body weight gain was decreased in pre-weaning male and female pups, with a post-weaning increase in females at the end of exposure whereas reduced body weight gain was seen in males also post-weaning without recovery. The male growth reduction was associated with delayed puberty. Nervous system effects (i.e. altered hindlimb functionality and, likely, increases in eyelid closure) demonstrated partial recovery. A decrease in pregnancy rate was also reported despite normal mating at the high-dose level.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with larotrectinib.
Larotrectinib was not mutagenic in bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assays and in in vitro mammalian mutagenesis assays. Larotrectinib was negative in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test at the maximum tolerated dose of 500 mg/kg.
Safety pharmacology
The safety pharmacology of larotrectinib was evaluated in several in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed effects on the CV, CNS, respiratory, and GI systems in various species. Larotrectinib had no adverse effect on haemodynamic parameters and ECG intervals in telemetered monkeys at exposures (Cmax) which are approximately 6-fold the human therapeutic exposures. Larotrectinib had no neurobehavioural findings in adult animals (rats, mice, cynomolgus monkeys) at exposure (Cmax) at least 7-fold higher than the human exposure. Larotrectinib had no effect on respiratory function in rats; at exposures (Cmax) at least 8-times the human therapeutic exposure. In rats, larotrectinib accelerated intestinal transit and increased gastric secretion and acidity.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients
Capsule shell
Gelatin
Titanium dioxide (E 171)
Printing ink
Shellac
Indigo carmine aluminium lake (E 132)
Titanium dioxide (E 171)
Propylene glycol (E 1520)
Dimeticone
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
High density polyethylene (HDPE)-bottles with a child-resistant polypropylene (PP) cap with a polyethylene (PE) heat seal layer.
Each carton contains one bottle of 56 hard capsules.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Bayer AG
51368 Leverkusen
Germany
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
EU/1/19/1385/001 – VITRAKVI 25 mg
EU/1/19/1385/002 – VITRAKVI 100 mg
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 19 September 2019
Date of latest renewal: 18 August 2021