Summary of medicine characteristics - VEKLURY REMDESIVIR 100 MG POWDER FOR CONCENTRATE FOR SOLUTION FOR INFUSION
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Veklury is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):
in adults and adolescents (aged 12 years and older with body weight at least 40 kg) with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen or other non-invasive ventilation at start of treatment),
in adults with pneumonia not requiring supplemental oxygen (see section 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Use of remdesivir is confined to healthcare facilities in which patients can be monitored closely (see section 4.4).
Posology
The recommended dosage of remdesivir in adults and adolescents (12 to less than 18 years of age and weighing at least 40 kg) is:
Day 1 – single loading dose of remdesivir 200 mg given by intravenous infusion
Day 2 onwards – 100 mg given once daily by intravenous infusion.
The total duration of treatment should be at least 5 days and not more than 10 days.
Special populations
Elderly
No dose adjustment of remdesivir is required in patients over the age of 65 years (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of remdesivir have not been evaluated in patients with renal impairment. Patients with eGFR >30 mL/min have received remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 with no dose adjustment. Remdesivir should not be used in patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
The pharmacokinetics of remdesivir have not been evaluated in patients with hepatic impairment. It is not known if dosage adjustment is appropriate in patients with hepatic impairment (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of remdesivir in children under the age of 12 years and weighing < 40 kg have not yet been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
For intravenous use.
Remdesivir is for administration by intravenous infusion after reconstitution and further dilution.
It must not be given as an intramuscular (IM) injection.
For instructions on reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.
Table 1: Recommended rate of infusion – for reconstituted and diluted remdesivir ___________powder for concentrate for solution for infusion
| Infusion Bag Volume | Infusion Time | Rate of Infusion |
| 250 mL | 30 min | 8.33 mL/min |
| 60 min | 4.17 mL/min | |
| 120 min | 2.08 mL/min | |
| 100 mL | 30 min | 3.33 mL/min |
| 60 min | 1.67 mL/min | |
| 120 min | 0.83 mL/min |
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance(s) or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hypersensitivity including infusion-related and anaphylactic reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions including infusion-related and anaphylactic reactions have been observed during and following administration of remdesivir. Signs and symptoms may include hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypoxia, fever, dyspnoea, wheezing, angioedema, rash, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and shivering. Slower infusion rates, with a maximum infusion time of up to 120 minutes, can be considered to potentially prevent these signs and symptoms. Monitor patients for hypersensitivity reactions during and following administration of remdesivir. If signs and symptoms of a clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction occur, immediately discontinue administration of remdesivir and initiate appropriate treatment.
Transaminase elevations
Transaminase elevations have been observed in the remdesivir clinical trials, including in healthy volunteers and patients with COVID-19. Liver function should be determined in all patients prior to starting remdesivir and should be monitored while receiving it as clinically appropriate. No clinical studies with remdesivir have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment. Remdesivir should only be used in patients with hepatic impairment if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk.
Remdesivir should not be initiated in patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >5 times the upper limit of normal at baseline
Remdesivir should be discontinued in patients who develop:
° ALT >5 times the upper limit of normal during treatment with remdesivir. It may be restarted when ALT is < 5 times the upper limit of normal.
OR
° ALT elevation accompanied by signs or symptoms of liver inflammation or increasing conjugated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or international normalised ratio (INR) (see sections 4.8 and 5.2).
Renal impairment
In animal studies on rats and monkeys, severe renal toxicity was observed (see section 5.3). The mechanism of this renal toxicity is not fully understood. A relevance for humans cannot be excluded.
All patients should have eGFR determined prior to starting remdesivir and while receiving it as clinically appropriate. Remdesivir should not be used in patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min.
Risk of reduced antiviral activity when coadministered with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
Coadministration of remdesivir and chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulphate is not recommended based on in vitro data demonstrating an antagonistic effect of chloroquine on the intracellular metabolic activation and antiviral activity of remdesivir (see sections 4.5 and 5.1)
Excipients
Veklury contains betadex sulfobutyl ether sodium, which is renally cleared and accumulates in patients with decreased renal function, which may potentially adversely affect renal function. Therefore Veklury should not be used in patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No clinical interaction studies have been performed with remdesivir. The overall potential for interactions is currently unknown; patients should remain under close observation during the days of remdesivir administration. Due to antagonism observed in vitro, concomitant use of remdesivir with chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulphate is not recommended.
Effects of other medicinal products on remdesivir
In vitro, remdesivir is a substrate for esterases in plasma and tissue, drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C8, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, and is a substrate for Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 (OATP1B1) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters.
The potential of interaction of remdesivir with inhibitors/inducers of the hydrolytic pathway (esterase) or CYP2C8, 2D6 or 3A4 has not been studied. The risk of clinically relevant interaction is unknown. Strong inhibitors may result in increased remdesivir exposure. The use of strong inducers (e.g. rifampicin) may decrease plasma concentrations of remdesivir and is not recommended.
Dexamethasone is reported to be a moderate inducer of CYP3A and P-gp. Induction is dose-dependent and occurs after multiple doses. Dexamethasone is unlikely to have a clinically significant effect on remdesivir as remdesivir has a moderate-high hepatic extraction ratio, and is used for a short duration in the treatment of COVID-19.
| Effects of remdesivir on other medicinal products In vitro, remdesivir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. The clinical relevance of these in vitro drug interactions has not been established. Remdesivir may transiently increase plasma concentrations of medicinal products that are substrates of CYP3A or OATP 1B1/1B3. No data is available, however it can be suggested that medicinal products that are substrates of CYP3A4 or substrates of OATP 1B1/1B3 should be administered at least 2 hours after remdesivir. Remdesivir induced CYP1A2 and potentially CYP3A in vitro. Co-administration of remdesivir with CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 substrates with narrow therapeutic index may lead to loss of their efficacy. Dexamethasone is a substrate of CYP3A4 and although remdesivir inhibits CYP3A4, due to remdesivir's rapid clearance after IV administration, remdesivir is unlikely to have a significant effect on dexamethasone exposure. | |
| 4.6 | Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are no or limited amount of data from the use of remdesivir in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Remdesivir should not be used during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the women requires treatment with it. Women of child-bearing potential have to use effective contraception during treatment. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether remdesivir is excreted in human milk or the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. In animal studies, the nucleoside analog metabolite GS-441524 has been detected in the blood of nursing rat pups of mothers given remedesivir. Therefore, excretion of remdesivir and/or metabolites into the milk of lactating animals can be assumed. Because of the potential for viral transmission to SARS-CoV-2-negative infants and adverse reactions from the drug in breast-feeding infants, a decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from remdesivir therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman. Fertility No human data on the effect of remdesivir on fertility are available. In male rats, there was no effect on mating or fertility with remdesivir treatment. In female rats, however, an impairment of fertility was observed (see section 5.3). The relevance for humans is unknown. |
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Remdesivir is predicted to have no or negligible influence on these abilities.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse reaction in healthy volunteers is increased transaminases (14%). The most common adverse reaction in patients with COVID-19 is nausea (4%).
Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
The adverse reactions in Table 2 are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as follows: Very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 2: Tabulated list of adverse reactions
| Frequency | Adverse reaction |
| Immune system disorders | |
| Rare | hypersensitivity |
| Not known | anaphylactic reaction |
| Nervous system disorders | |
| Common | headache |
| Cardiac disorders | |
| Not known | sinus bradycardia* |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |
| Common | nausea |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | |
| Very common | transaminases increased |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | |
| Common | rash |
| Investigations | |
| Very common | prothrombin time prolonged |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | |
| Rare | infusion-related reaction |
*Reported in post-marketing, usually normalised within 4 days following last remdesivir administration without additional intervention
Description of selected adverse reactions
Transaminases Increased
In healthy volunteer studies, increases in ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or both in subjects who received remdesivir were grade 1 (10%) or grade 2 (4%). In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studyof patients with COVID-19 (NIAID ACTT-1), any grade (> 1.25 x upper limitof normal (ULN)) laboratory abnormalities of increased AST and increased ALT occurred in 33% and 32% of patients, respectively, receiving remdesivir compared with 44% and 43% of patients, respectively, receiving placebo.
Grade >3 (> 5.0 x ULN) laboratory abnormalities of increased AST and increased ALT occurred in 6% and 3% of patients, respectively, receiving remdesivir compared with 8% and 6% of patients, respectively, receiving
placebo. In a randomised, open-label multi-centre clinical trial (Study GS-US-540–5773) in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 receiving remdesivir for 5 (n=200) or 10 days (n=197), any grade laboratory abnormalities of increased AST and increased ALT occurred in 40% and 42% of patients, respectively, receiving remdesivir. Grade >3 laboratory abnormalities of increased AST and increased ALT both occurred in 7% of patients receiving remdesivir. In a randomised, open-label multi-centre clinicaltrial (Study GS-US-540–5774) in hospitalised patients with moderate COVID- 19 receiving remdesivir for 5 (n=191) or 10 days (n=193) compared to standard of care (n=200), any grade laboratory abnormalities of increased ASTand increased ALT occurred in 32% and 33% of patients, respectively, receiving remdesivir, and 33% and 39% of patients, respectively, receiving standard of care. Grade >3 laboratory abnormalities of increased AST and increased ALT occurred in 2% and 3% of patients, respectively, receiving remdesivir and 6% and 8%, respectively, receiving standard of care.
Prothrombin time prolonged
In a clinical study (NIAID ACTT-1) of patients with COVID-19, the incidenceof prolonged prothrombin time or INR (predominantly Grades 1–2) was higherin subjects who received remdesivir compared to placebo, with no difference observed in the incidence of bleeding events between the two groups. Prothrombin time should be monitored while receiving remdesivir as clinically appropriate.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balanceof the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the dedicated COVID-19 Yellow Card reporting site at coronavirus-yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk.
4.9 Overdose
Treatment of overdose with remdesivir should consist of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. There is no specific antidote for overdose with remdesivir.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use, direct acting antivirals, other antivirals, ATC code: not yet assigned
Mechanism of action
Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide prodrug that is metabolized within host cells to form the pharmacologically active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite. Remdesivir triphosphate acts as an analog of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and competes with the natural ATP substrate for incorporation into nascent RNA chains by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which results in delayed chain termination during replication of the viral RNA.
Antiviral activity
Remdesivir exhibited in vitro activity against a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in primary human airway epithelial cells with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 9.9 nM after 48 hours of treatment. The EC50 values of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells were 137 nM at 24 hours and 750 nM at 48 hours post-treatment. The antiviral activity of remdesivir was antagonised by chloroquine phosphate in a dose-dependent manner when the two drugs were co-incubated at clinically relevant concentrations in HEp-2 cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Higher remdesivir EC50 values were observed with increasing concentrations of chloroquine phosphate. Increasing concentrations of chloroquine phosphate reduced formation of remdesivir triphosphate in normal human bronchial epithelial cells.
Resistance
Cell culture resistance profiling of remdesivir using the rodent CoV murine hepatitis virus identified 2 substitutions (F476L and V553L) in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase at residues conserved across CoVs that conferred 5.6-fold reduced susceptibility to remdesivir. Introduction of the corresponding substitutions (F480L and V557L) into SARS-CoV resulted in 6-fold reduced susceptibility to remdesivir cell culture and attenuated SARS-CoV pathogenesis in a mouse model.
The cell culture development of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to remdesivir has not been assessed to date. No clinical data are available on the development of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to remdesivir.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Clinical trials in patients with COVID-19
NIAID ACTT-1 Study (CO-US-540–5776)
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated remdesivir 200 mg once daily for 1 day followed by remdesivir 100 mg once daily for up to 9 days (for a total of up to 10 days of intravenously administered therapy) in hospitalised adult patients with COVID-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement. The trial enrolled 1,063 hospitalised patients: 120 (11.3%) patients with mild/moderate disease (defined by SpO2 >94% and respiratory rate <24 breaths/min without supplemental oxygen) and 943 (88.7%) patients with severe disease (defined by SpO2 <94% on room air, or respiratory rate >24 breaths/min and requiring supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support). Patients were randomised 1:1, stratified by disease severity at enrolment, to receive remdesivir (n=541) or placebo (n=522), plus standard of care.
The baseline mean age was 59 years and 36% of patients were aged 65 or older. Sixty-four percent were male, 53% were White, 21% were Black, 13% were Asian. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (49.6%), obesity (37.0%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (29.7%), and coronary artery disease (11.6%).
Approximately 33% (180/541) of the patients received a 10-day treatment course with remdesivir.
The primary clinical endpoint was time to recovery within 28 days after randomisation, defined as either discharged from hospital (with or without limitations of activity and with or without home oxygen requirements) or hospitalised but not requiring supplemental oxygen and no longer requiring ongoing medical care. In an analysis performed after all patients had been followed up for 14 days, the median time to recovery in the overall population was 11 days in the remdesivir group compared to 15 days in the placebo group (recovery rate ratio 1.32; [95% CI 1.12 to 1.55], p<0.001). The outcome differed relevantly between the two strata. In the severe disease stratum time to recovery was 12 days in the remdesivir group and 18 days in the placebo group (recovery rate ratio 1.37 [95% CI: 1.15 to 1.63]; Table 3). For the mild/moderate disease stratum, time to recovery was not different between the two groups (5 days for both, remdesivir and placebo).
Table 3: Recovery outcomes in the severe disease stratum from NIAID ACTT-1
| Remdesivir (N=476) | Placebo (N=464) | |
| Days to recovery | ||
| Number of recoveries | 282 | 227 |
| Median (95 %CI) | 12 (10; 14) | 18 (15; 21) |
| Recovery rate ratio (95% CI)a | 1.37 (1.15; 1.63) | |
a Recovery rate ratio calculated from the stratified Cox model. Recovery rate ratios >1
indicate benefit for remdesivir
There was no difference in efficacy in patients randomized during the first 10 days after onset of symptoms as compared to those with symptoms for more than 10 days.
The clinical benefit of remdesivir was most apparent in patients receiving oxygen, however, not on ventilation, at Day 1 (rate recovery ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.17–1.84]). For patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation or ECMO on Day 1 no difference in recovery rate was observed between the treatment groups (0.95 [95% CI 0.64 to 1.42]).
The 29-day mortality in the overall population was 11.6% for the remdesivir group vs 15.4% for the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.73; [95% CI 0.52 to 1.03]; p=0.07). A post-hoc analysis of 29-day mortality by ordinal scale is reported in Table 4.
Table 4: 29-Day Mortality Outcomes by Ordinal Scalea at Baseline—NIAID ACTT-1
Trial
| Ordinal Score at Baseline | ||||
| 5 | 6 | |||
| Requiring low-flow oxygen | Requiring high-flow oxygen or non-invasive mechanical ventilation | |||
| Remdesivir (N=232) | Placebo (N=203) | Remdesivir (N=95) | Placebo (N=98) | |
| 29-day mortality | 4.1 | 12.8 | 21.8 | 20.6 |
| Hazard ratiob (95% CI) | 0.30 (0.14 | , 0.64) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.91) | |
ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
a Not a pre-specified analysis.
b Hazard ratios for baseline ordinal score subgroups are from unstratified Cox proportional
hazards models.
Study GS-US-540–5774 in Patients with Moderate COVID-19
A randomised, open-label multi-centre clinical trial (Study 5774) of hospitalised patients at least 12 years of age with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and radiological evidence of pneumonia without reduced oxygen levels compared treatment with remdesivir for 5 days (n=191) and treatment with remdesivir for 10 days (n=193) with standard of care (n=200). Patients treated with remdesivir received 200 mg on Day 1 and 100 mg once daily on subsequent days. The primary endpoint was clinical status on Day 11 assessed on a 7-point ordinal scale ranging from hospital discharge to increasing levels of oxygen and ventilatory support to death.
Overall, the odds of improvement in the ordinal scale were higher in the 5-day remdesivir group at Day 11 when compared to those receiving only standard of care (odds ratio, 1.65; [95% CI, 1.09 to 2.48], p=0.017). The odds of improvement in clinical status with the 10-day treatment group when compared to those receiving only standard of care were not statistically significant (odds ratio 1.31; [95% CI 0.88 to 1.95]). All-cause 28-day mortality was <2% in all treatment groups.
Real world evidence in Patients with COVID-19
A real-world data analysis (HealthVerity database) of adults hospitalised with COVID-19 compared all-cause mortality and hospital discharge (5-days post treatment initiation) in patients treated with remdesivir (n=24,856 and n=10,099 respectively) with an equal number of propensity score matched controls.
Remdesivir was associated with statistically significantly reduced mortality at day 28 overall (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.81) and in patients on room air at baseline, receiving low-flow oxygen at baseline, and receiving high-flow/non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) at baseline, (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.94; HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.87 and HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.80 respectively). Remdesivir was also associated with a statistically significantly increased likelihood of hospital discharge by day 28 overall (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.25) and in patients on room air at baseline (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.32). There was a positive trend in hospital discharge for patients on low-flow oxygen and high-flow/NIV at baseline (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.22 and HR: 1.14, 95% 0.98, 1.33 respectively).
QT
Current non-clinical and clinical data do not suggest a risk of QT prolongation, but QT prolongation has not been fully evaluated in humans.
This medicinal product has been authorised under a so-called ‘conditional approval’ scheme. This means that further evidence on this medicinal product is awaited. The European Medicines Agency will review new information on this medicinal product at least every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with remdesivir in one or more subsets of the paediatric population (see section 4.2 and 5.2 for information on paediatric use).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The pharmacokinetic properties of remdesivir have been investigated in healthy volunteers. No pharmacokinetic data is available from patients with COVID-19.
Absorption
The pharmacokinetic properties of remdesivir and the predominant circulating metabolite GS-441524 have been evaluated in healthy adult subjects. Following intravenous administration of remdesivir adult dosage regimen, peak plasma concentration was observed at end of infusion, regardless of dose level, and declined rapidly thereafter with a half-life of approximately 1 hour. Peak plasma concentrations of GS-441524 were observed at 1.5 to 2.0 hours post start of a 30 minutes infusion.
Distribution
Remdesivir is approximately 93% bound to human plasma proteins (ex-vivo data) with free fraction ranging from 6.4% to 7.4%. The binding is independent of drug concentration over the range of 1 to 10 uM, with no evidence for saturation of remdesivir binding. After a single 150 mg dose of [14C]-remdesivir in healthy subjects, the blood to plasma ratio of [14C]-radioactivity was approximately 0.68 at 15 minutes from start of infusion, increased over time reaching ratio of 1.0 at 5 hours, indicating differential distribution of remdesivir and its metabolites to plasma or cellular components of blood.
Biotransformation
Remdesivir is extensively metabolized to the pharmacologically active nucleoside analog triphosphate GS-443902 (formed intracellularly). The metabolic activation pathway involves hydrolysis by esterases, which leads to the formation of the intermediate metabolite, GS-704277. Phosphoramidate cleavage followed by phosphorylation forms the active triphosphate, GS-443902. Dephosphorylation of all phosphorylated metabolites can result in the formation of nucleoside metabolite GS-441524 that itself is not efficiently re-phosphorylated. The human mass balance study also indicates presence of a currently unidentified major metabolite (M27) in plasma.
Elimination
Following a single 150 mg IV dose of [14C]-remdesivir, mean total recovery of the dose was 92%, consisting of approximately 74% and 18% recovered in urine and feces, respectively. The majority of the remdesivir dose recovered in urine was GS-441524 (49%), while 10% was recovered as remdesivir. These data indicate that renal clearance is the major elimination pathway for GS-441524. The median terminal half-lives of remdesivir and GS-441524 were approximately 1 and 27 hours, respectively.
Other special populations
Gender, race and age
Pharmacokinetic differences for gender, race, and age have not been evaluated.
Paediatric patients
The pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients have not been evaluated.
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and GS-441524 in renal impairment have not been evaluated. Remdesivir is not cleared unchanged in urine to any substantial extent, but its main metabolite GS-441524 is renally cleared and the metabolite levels in plasma may
| theoretically increase in patients with impaired renal function. The excipient betadex sulfobutyl ether sodium is renally cleared and accumulates in patients with decreased renal function. Veklury should not be used in patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min. Hepatic impairment The pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and GS-441524 in hepatic impairment have not been evaluated. The role of the liver in the metabolism of remdesivir is unknown. Interactions The potential of interaction of remdesivir as a victim was not studied with regards to the inhibition of the hydrolytic pathway (esterase). The risk of clinically relevant interaction is unknown. Remdesivir inhibited CYP3A4 in vitro (see section 4.5). At physiologically relevant concentrations (steady-state), remdesivir or its metabolites GS441524 and GS704277 did not inhibit CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 in vitro. Remdesivir may however transiently inhibit CYP2B6, 2C8, 2C9 and 2D6 on the first day of administration. The clinical relevance of this inhibition was not studied. The potential for time-dependent inhibition of CYP450 enzymes by remdesivir was not studied. Remdesivir induced CYP1A2 and potentially CYP3A4, but not CYP2B6 in vitro (see section 4.5). In vitro data indicates no clinically relevant inhibition of UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9 or 2B7 by remdesivir or its metabolites GS-441524 and GS-704277. Remdesivir inhibited OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in vitro (see section 4.5). No data is available for OAT1, OAT3 or OCT2 inhibition by remdesivir. At physiologically relevant concentrations, remdesivir and its metabolites did not inhibit P-gp and BCRP in vitro. | |
| 5.3 | Preclinical safety data Toxicology Following intravenous administration (slow bolus) of remdesivir to rhesus monkeys and rats, severe renal toxicity occurred after short treatment durations. In male rhesus monkeys at dosage levels of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days resulted, at all dose levels, in increased mean urea nitrogen and increased mean creatinine, renal tubular atrophy, and basophilia and casts, and an unscheduled death of one animal at the 20 mg/kg/day dose level.In rats, dosage levels of >3 mg/kg/day for up to 4 weeks resulted in findings indicative of kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Systemic exposures (AUC) of the predominant circulating metabolite of remdesivir (GS-441524) were 0.1 times (monkeys at 5 mg/kg/day) and 0.3 times (rats at 3 mg/kg/day) the exposure in humans following intravenous administration at the recommended human dose (RHD). An unidentified major metabolite (M27) was shown to be present in human plasma (see section 5.2). The exposure of M27 in rhesus monkeys and rats is unknown. Animal studies may therefore not be informative of potential risks associated with this metabolite. |
Carcinogenesis
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of remdesivir have not been performed.
Mutagenesis
Remdesivir was not genotoxic in a battery of assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in vivo rat micronucleus assays.
Reproductive toxicity
In female rats, decreases in corpora lutea, numbers of implantation sites, and viable embryos, were seen when remdesivir was administered intravenously daily at a systemically toxic dose (10 mg/kg/day) 14 days prior to mating and during conception; exposures of the predominant circulating metabolite (GS-441524) were 1.3 times the exposure in humans at the RHD. There were no effects on female reproductive performance (mating, fertility, and conception) at this dose level.
In rats and rabbits, remdesivir demonstrated no adverse effect on embryofoetal development when administered to pregnant animals at systemic exposures (AUC) of the predominant circulating metabolite of remdesivir (GS-441524) that were up to 4 times the exposure in humans at the RHD.
In rats, there were no adverse effects on pre- and post-natal development at systemic exposures (AUC) of the predominant circulating metabolite of remdesivir (GS-441524) that were similar to the exposure in humans at the RHD.
It is unknown if the active nucleoside analog triphosphate GS-443902 and the unidentified major human metabolite M27 are formed in rats and rabbits. The reproductive toxicity studies may therefore not be informative of potential risks associated with these metabolites.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Betadex sulfobutyl ether sodium Hydrochloric acid (to adjust pH) (E507)
Sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH) (E524)
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed or administered simultaneously with other medicinal products in the same dedicated line except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vials
3 years
Reconstituted and diluted solution for infusion
Store diluted remdesivir solution for infusion up to 24 hours at below 25°C or 48 hours in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C).
6.4 Special precautions for storage
No special precautions for storage.
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Type I clear glass vial, an elastomeric closure, and an aluminium overseal with a flip-off cap.
Pack size: 1 vial