Trecondi - summary of medicine characteristics

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Trecondi 1 g powder for solution for infusion

Trecondi 5 g powder for solution for infusion

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Trecondi 1 g powder for solution for infusion

One vial contains 1 g of treosulfan.

Trecondi 5 g powder for solution for infusion

One vial contains 5 g of treosulfan.

When reconstituted according to section 6.6, 1 mL of the solution for infusion contains 50 mg treosulfan.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Powder for solution for infusion.

White crystalline powder.

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications

Treosulfan in combination with fludarabine is indicated as part of conditioning treatment prior to allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in adult patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases, and in paediatric patients older than one month with malignant diseases.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Administration of treosulfan should be supervised by a physician experienced in conditioning treatment followed by alloHSCT.

Posology

Adults with malignant disease

Treosulfan is given in combination with fludarabine.

The recommended dose and schedule of administration is:

• • Treosulfan 10 g/m2 body surface area (BSA) per day as a two-hour intravenous infusion, given on three consecutive days (day –4, –3, –2) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total treosulfan dose is 30 g/m2;
• • Fludarabine 30 mg/m2 BSA per day as a 0.5-hour intravenous infusion, given on five consecutive days (day –6, –5, –4, –3, –2) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total fludarabine dose is 150 mg/m2;
• • Treosulfan should be administered before fludarabine on days –4, –3, –2 (FT10 regimen).

Adults with non-malignant disease

Treosulfan is given in combination with fludarabine with or without thiotepa.

The recommended dose and schedule of administration is:

• • Treosulfan 14 g/m2 body surface area (BSA) per day as a two-hour intravenous infusion, given on three consecutive days (day –6, –5, –4) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total treosulfan dose is 42 g/m2;
• • Fludarabine 30 mg/m2 BSA per day as a 0.5-hour intravenous infusion, given on five consecutive days (day –7, –6, –5, –4, –3) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total fludarabine dose is 150 mg/m2;
• • Treosulfan should be administered before fludarabine on days –6, –5, –4 (FT14 regimen).
• • Thiotepa 5 mg/kg twice a day, given as two intravenous infusions over 2–4 hours on day –2

before stem cell infusion (day 0).

Elderly

No dose adjustment is necessary in any subset of the elderly population.

Renal and hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is necessary for mild or moderate impairment, but treosulfan is contraindicated in patients with severe impairment (see section 4.3).

Paediatric population

Treosulfan is given in combination with fludarabine, with thiotepa (intensified regimen;

FT10–14TT regimen) or without thiotepa (FT10–14 regimen).

The recommended dose and schedule of administration is:

• • Treosulfan 10–14 g/m2 body surface area (BSA) per day as a two-hour intravenous infusion, given on three consecutive days (day –6, –5, –4) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total treosulfan dose is 30–42 g/m2;

The dose of treosulfan should be adapted to the patient’s BSA as follows (see section 5.2):

Body surface area (m2)	Treosulfan dose (g/m2)
< 0.5	10.0
> 0.5 – 1.0	12.0
> 1.0	14.0

• • Fludarabine 30 mg/m2 BSA per day as a 0.5-hour intravenous infusion, given on five consecutive days (day –7, –6, –5, –4, –3) before stem cell infusion (day 0). The total fludarabine dose is 150 mg/m2;
• • Treosulfan should be administered before fludarabine;
• • Thiotepa (intensified regimen 5 mg/kg twice a day), given as two intravenous infusions over 24 hours on day –2 before stem cell infusion (day 0).

The safety and efficacy of treosulfan in children less than 1 month of age has not yet been established.

Method of administration

Treosulfan is for intravenous use as a two-hour infusion.

Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product

When handling treosulfan, inhalation, skin contact or contact with mucous membranes should be avoided. Pregnant personnel should be excluded from handling cytotoxics.

Intravenous administration should be performed using a safe technique to avoid extravasation (see section 4.4).

For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.

4.3 Contraindications

• • Hypersensitivity to the active substance
• • Active non-controlled infectious disease
• • Severe concomitant cardiac, lung, liver, and renal impairment
• • Fanconi anaemia and other DNA breakage repair disorders
• • Pregnancy (see section 4.6)
• • Administration of live vaccine

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Myelosuppression

Profound myelosuppression with pancytopenia is the desired therapeutic effect of treosulfan-based conditioning treatment, occurring in all patients. It is therefore recommended to monitor blood cell counts frequently until recovery of the haematopoietic system.

During phases of severe neutropenia (median duration of neutropenic period is 14–17.5 days in adults and 21–24 days in paediatric patients) the risk of infection is increased. Prophylactic or empiric anti-infective treatment (bacterial, viral, fungal) should therefore be considered. Growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF), platelet and/or red blood cell support should be given as indicated.

Secondary malignancies

Secondary malignancies are well-established complications in long-term survivors after alloHSCT. How much treosulfan contributes to their occurrence is unknown. The possible risk of a second malignancy should be explained to the patient. On the basis of human data, treosulfan has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a human carcinogen.

Mucositis

Oral mucositis (including high-grade severity) is a very common undesirable effect of treosulfan-based conditioning followed by alloHSCT (see section 4.8). Use of mucositis prophylaxis (e.g. topical antimicrobials, barrier protectants, ice and adequate oral hygiene) is recommended.

Vaccines

Concomitant use of live attenuated vaccines is not recommended.

Fertility

Treosulfan can impair fertility. Therefore, men treated with treosulfan are advised not to father a child during and up to 6 months after treatment and to seek advice on cryo-conservation of sperm prior to treatment because of the possibility of irreversible infertility due to therapy with treosulfan.

Ovarian suppression and amenorrhoea with menopausal symptoms commonly occur in pre-menopausal patients (see section 4.6).

Paediatric population

Seizures

There have been isolated reports of seizures in infants (< 4 months of age) with primary immunodeficiencies after conditioning treatment with treosulfan in combination with fludarabine or cyclophosphamide. Therefore, infants < 4 months of age should be monitored for signs of neurological adverse reactions. Although it cannot be proved that treosulfan was the cause, the use of clonazepam prophylaxis for children younger than 1 year might be considered.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

There was a significant association between age and respiratory toxicity in paediatric patients treated with treosulfan-based conditioning.

Children younger than one year (mainly non-malignant diseases, especially immunodeficiencies) experienced more respiratory grade III/IV toxicity, possibly due to pulmonary infections already existing before the start of conditioning treatment.

Dermatitis diaper

Dermatitis diaper may occur in small children because of excretion of treosulfan in the urine. Therefore, nappies should be changed frequently up to 6–8 hours after each infusion of treosulfan.

Extravasation

Treosulfan is considered an irritant. Intravenous application should be performed using a safe technique. If extravasation is suspected, general safety measures should be implemented. No specific measure has been proven to be recommendable.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

No interaction of treosulfan was observed in high-dose chemotherapy.

Detailed in vitro studies did not completely exclude potential interactions between high plasma concentrations of treosulfan and CYP3A4, CYP2C19, or P-gp substrates. Therefore, medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. digoxin) that are substrates for CYP3A4, CYP2C19 or P-gp should not be given during treatment with treosulfan.

The effect of treosulfan on the pharmacokinetics of fludarabine is not known.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Women of childbearing potential/Con­traception in males and females

Both sexually active men and women of childbearing potential have to use effective contraception during and up to 6 months after treatment.

Pregnancy

There are no data from the use of treosulfan in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Treosulfan is contraindicated during pregnancy (see section 4.3).

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether treosulfan is excreted in human milk. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with treosulfan.

Fertility

Treosulfan might impair fertility in men and women. Men should seek advice on cryo-conservation of sperm prior to treatment because of the possibility of irreversible infertility.

As known for other alkylating conditioning agents treosulfan can cause ovarian suppression and amenorrhoea with menopausal symptoms in pre-menopausal women.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Treosulfan has moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. It is likely that certain adverse reactions of treosulfan like nausea, vomiting or dizziness could affect these functions.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

Profound myelosuppressi­on/pancytopenia is the desired therapeutic effect of conditioning therapy and occurs in all patients. Blood cell counts usually recover after HSCT.

The most commonly observed adverse reactions (adults/paediatric patients) after treosulfan-based conditioning followed by alloHSCT include infections (13.1% /11.4%), gastrointestinal disorders (nausea [39.5%/30.7%], stomatitis [36.0%/69.3%], vomiting [22.5%/43.2%], diarrhoea [15.6%/33.0%], abdominal pain [10.4%/17%]), fatigue (15.1%/2.3%), febrile neutropenia (11.3%/1.1%), oedema (7.8%/0%), rash (7.2%/12.5%), and increases of alanine transaminase (ALT [5.1%/9.1%]), aspartate transaminase (AST [4.4%/8.0%]), gamma-glutamyl transferase (yGT [3.7%/2.3%]), and bilirubin (18.8%/5.7%).

Adults

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The frequencies of adverse reactions reported in the table below are derived from 5 clinical trials (including a total of 564 patients) where treosulfan combined with fludarabine was investigated as conditioning treatment prior to alloHSCT in adult patients. Treosulfan was administered in a dose range of 10–14 g/m2 BSA on 3 consecutive days.

Adverse reactions are listed below, by system organ class and by frequency: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency group, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Infections and infestations*	Very common Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) Common Sepsisa Not known Septic shockc	Common Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), sepsisa Not known Septic shockc
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)	Not known Treatment-related second malignancy	Not known Treatment-related second malignancy
Blood and lymphatic system disorders	Very common Myelosuppression, pancytopenia, febrile neutropenia	Very common Myelosuppression, pancytopenia, febrile neutropenia
Immune system disorders*	Common Hypersensitivity

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	Common Decreased appetite Uncommon Hyperglycaemia Not known Acidosisb, glucose tolerance impaired, electrolyte imbalance	Common Decreased appetite Uncommon Hyperglycaemia Not known Acidosisb, glucose tolerance impaired, electrolyte imbalance
Psychiatric disorders	Common Insomnia Uncommon Confusional state Not known Agitation	Rare Confusional state
Nervous system disorders	Common Headache, dizziness Uncommon Peripheral sensory neuropathy Not known Encephalopathy, intracranial haemorrhage, extrapyramidal disorder, syncope, paraesthesia	Rare Headache, peripheral sensory neuropathy Not known Encephalopathy, intracranial haemorrhage, syncope
Eye disorders	Not known Dry eye
Cardiac disorders*	Common Cardiac arrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation, sinus arrhythmia) Not known Cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion	Uncommon Cardiac arrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation, sinus arrhythmia) Not known Cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction
Vascular disorders	Common Hypertension, flushing Uncommon Haematoma, hypotension Not known Embolism, haemorrhage	Uncommon Hypertension Not known Embolism, haemorrhage

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Common Dyspnoea, epistaxis Uncommon Pneumonitis, pleural effusion, pharyngeal or laryngeal inflammation, cough, laryngeal pain, hiccups Not known Oropharyngeal pain, hypoxia, dysphonia	Uncommon Dyspnoea, pleural effusion, pharyngeal or laryngeal inflammation Rare Epistaxis, pneumonitis Not known Hypoxia
Gastrointestinal disorders*	Very common Stomatitis/mu­cositis, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Common Oral pain, gastritis, dyspepsia, constipation, dysphagia Uncommon Mouth haemorrhage, abdominal distension, oesophageal or gastrointestinal pain, dry mouth Not known Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, neutropenic colitis, oesophagitis, anal inflammation, mouth ulceration	Common Stomatitis/mu­cositis, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal pain Uncommon Vomiting, oral pain, dysphagia, mouth haemorrhage, oesophageal or gastrointesti­nal pain Not known Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, neutropenic colitis
Hepatobiliary disorders*	Uncommon Veno-occlusive liver disease, hepatotoxicity Not known Hepatic failure, hepatomegaly, hepatic pain	Rare Veno-occlusive liver disease, hepatotoxicity Not known Hepatic failure
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Common Maculo-papular rash, purpura, erythema, palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome, pruritus, alopecia Uncommon Erythema multiforme, dermatitis acneiform, rash, hyperhidrosis Not known Generalised erythema, dermatitis, skin necrosis or ulcer, skin hyperpigmentationd, dry skin	Uncommon Maculo-papular rash, purpura, erythema Not known Skin necrosis

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Common Pain in extremities, back pain, bone pain, arthralgia, myalgia Not known Muscular weakness	Rare Pain in extremities, bone pain
Renal and urinary disorders	Common Acute kidney injury, haematuria Not known Renal failure, cystitisc, dysuria	Uncommon Acute kidney injury, haematuria
General disorders and administration site conditions	Very common Asthenic conditions (fatigue, asthenia, lethargy) Common Oedema, pyrexiae, chills Uncommon Non-cardiac chest pain, pain Not known Injection site reaction, feeling cold	Common Fatigue Rare Non-cardiac chest pain, oedema ~ • _e pyrexia
Investigations	Very common Bilirubin increased Common Transaminases (ALT/AST) increased, yGT increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, C-reactive protein increased, weight decreased, weight increased Not known Blood creatinine increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased	Common Bilirubin increased, transaminases (ALT/AST) increased, yGT increased Uncommon Blood alkaline phosphatase increased, C-reactive protein increased Not known Blood LDH increased

a

Description of selected adverse reactions

Infections

The overall incidence of infections was 13.1% (74/564). The most frequent type was lung infection (12/74 [16.2%]). Pathogens included bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus , Enterococcus , Corynebacterium ), viruses (e.g. cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], herpes) as well as fungi (e.g.

candida). The infection rate was lowest in patients treated with the dose regimen of 10 g/m2 of treosulfan per day, from day –4 to –2 (7.7%).

Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)

One of 564 adult patients (0.2%) developed a second malignancy (breast cancer). A few further cases of second malignancies after treosulfan-based conditioning have been reported by other investigators. After long-term therapy with conventional doses of oral treosulfan in patients with solid tumours acute myeloid leukaemia was observed in 1.4% of 553 patients.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Blood disorders were observed in 67 of 564 adult patients (11.9%). The most frequent adverse reaction was febrile neutropenia (11.3%). The lowest incidence was noted with the dose regimen of 10 g/m2/day, day –4 to –2 (4.1%).

The median (25%/75% percentiles) duration of neutropenia was 14 (12, 20) days with the 10 g/m2 treosulfan dose and 17.5 (14, 21) days with the 14 g/m2 treosulfan dose.

Cardiac disorders

Cardiac disorders were observed in 25 patients (4.4%). The most frequent adverse reactions were cardiac arrhythmias, e.g. atrial fibrillation (1.2%), sinus tachycardia (0.9%), supraventricular tachycardia (0.4%), and ventricular extrasystole (0.4%). Isolated cases of cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, and myocardial infarction occurred. The lowest frequency of cardiac disorders was seen with the dose regimen of 10 g/m2/day, day –4 to –2 (2.7%).

Gastrointestinal disorders

Gastrointestinal disorders were observed in 357 patients (63.3%). The most frequent adverse reactions reported were nausea (39.5%), stomatitis (36%), vomiting (22.5%), diarrhoea (15.6%), and abdominal pain (10.4%). The lowest frequencies of these adverse reactions were seen with the dose regimen of 10 g/m2 per day, day –4 to –2 (20.4%, 30.3%, 13.1%, 5.0%, and 5.5% respectively).

Hepatobiliary disorders

The overall incidence of veno-occlusive liver disease (VOD) was 0.9% (5/564). VOD occurred only with the dose regimen of 14 g/m2/day treosulfan. None of these cases were fatal or life-threatening.

Paediatric population

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The adverse reactions reported in the table below are derived from two clinical trials (including a total of 88 patients; median age 8 years [range 0–17 years]) where treosulfan combined with fludarabine (and mostly with additional thiotepa) was administered as conditioning treatment prior to alloHSCT in paediatric patients with malignant or non-malignant diseases. Treosulfan was administered in a dose range of 10–14 g/m2 BSA on three consecutive days.

Adverse reactions are listed below, by system organ class and by frequency: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency group, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Infections and infestations	Very common Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal)	Common Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal)
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)	Not known Treatment-related second malignancya	Not known Treatment-related second malignancya
Blood and lymphatic system disorders	Very common Myelosuppression, pancytopenia Not known Febrile neutropenia	Very common Myelosuppression, pancytopenia Not known Febrile neutropenia
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	Not known Alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance, hypomagnesaemia	Not known Alkalosis
Nervous system disorders*	Not known Headache, paraesthesia, seizure	Not known Paraesthesia
Eye disorders	Not known Conjunctival haemorrhage, dry eye
Vascular disorders	Not known Capillary leak syndrome, hypertension, hypotension	Not known Capillary leak syndrome, hypertension, hypotension
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Common Oropharyngeal pain, epistaxis Not known Hypoxia	Not known Hypoxia
Gastrointestinal disorders*	Very common Stomatitis/mu­cositis, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Common Dysphagia, oral pain Not known Neutropenic colitis, anal inflammation, dyspepsia, proctitis, gastrointestinal pain, constipation	Very common Stomatitis/mu­cositis, nausea Common Dysphagia, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain Not known Neutropenic colitis
Hepatobiliary disorders	Not known Veno-occlusive liver disease, hepatomegaly, hepatotoxicity	Not known Veno-occlusive liver disease

System Organ Class (SOC)	All Adverse Reactions / Frequency	Grade 3–4 Adverse Reactions / Frequency
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Very common Pruritus Common Dermatitis exfoliative, maculo-papular rash, rash, erythema, pain of skin, skin hyperpigmentationb, alopecia Not known Skin ulcer, erythema multiforme, urticaria, dermatitis bullous, dermatitis acneiform, palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome, dermatitis diapera	Common Dermatitis exfoliative, maculo-papular rash, erythema
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Not known Pain in extremities
Renal and urinary disorders	Not known Acute kidney injury, renal failure, noninfective cystitis	Not known Acute kidney injury, renal failure
Reproductive system and breast disorders	Not known Scrotal erythema
General disorders and administration site conditions	Very common Pyrexiac Not known Chills, fatigue, pain
Investigations	Common Transaminases (ALT/AST) increased, bilirubin increased Not known yGT increased	Common Bilirubin increased Uncommon Transaminases (ALT/AST) increase Not known yGT increased

* See detailed sections below

a

b

c

Description of selected adverse reactions

Infections

The overall incidence of infections in 88 paediatric patients was 11.4% (10/88) and thus comparable to that seen in adults. The frequency was higher in the paediatric age group 12–17 years (6/35 [17.1%]) compared to younger children (4/53 [7.5%]).

Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)

Five cases of a second malignancy (myelodysplastic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Ewing’s sarcoma) were reported by other investigators after treosulfan-based conditioning. All five paediatric patients received alloHSCT for primary immunodeficiencies, i.e. diseases with an increased risk for neoplasias per se.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

The median (25%/75% percentiles) duration of neutropenia was 21 (16, 26) days in paediatric patients with malignant diseases and 24 (17, 26) days in patients with non-malignant disorders.

Nervous system disorders

Seizure in the context of an encephalitis infection was reported in one of 88 paediatric patients. A report from an investigator-initiated trial performed in children with primary immunodeficiencies lists four cases of seizures occurring after other treosulfan-based conditioning regimens (see section 4.4).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in

4.9 Overdose

The principal toxic effect of treosulfan is profound myeloablation and pancytopenia. In addition, acidosis, skin toxicity, nausea, vomiting and gastritis may occur. In the absence of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the recommended dose of treosulfan would constitute an overdose. No specific antidote of treosulfan overdose is known. The haematologic status should be closely monitored and vigorous supportive measures instituted as medically indicated.

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, alkylating agents, ATC code: L01AB02

Mechanism of action

Treosulfan is a prodrug of a bifunctional alkylating agent with cytotoxic activity to haematopoietic precursor cells. The activity of treosulfan is due to the spontaneous conversion into a mono-epoxide intermediate and L-diepoxybutan (see section 5.2).

The epoxides formed alkylate nucleophilic centres of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are able to induce DNA cross-links which are considered responsible for the stem cell depleting and antineoplastic effects.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Treosulfan has a broad antineoplastic and antileukaemic activity. This was demonstrated against transplanted mouse and rat lymphomas/leu­kaemias, sarcomas and hepatomas, human tumour xenografts, human tumour biopsies and cell lines.

The immunosuppressive effects of treosulfan are attributed to its toxicity against primitive and committed progenitor cells, T and NK cells, reduction of cellularity of primary and secondary lymphatic organs and a preclusive effect on the ‘cytokine storm’ that precedes the development of Graft-versus-Host-Disease (GvHD) and is involved in the pathogenesis of veno-occlusive disease.

Clinical efficacy and safety

In the pivotal phase III trial, adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and increased risk for standard conditioning therapies because of higher age (> 50 years) or comorbidities (haematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index [HCT-CI] score > 2) were randomised to receive a conditioning regimen with 3 × 10 g/m2 treosulfan combined with fludarabine (FT10; n = 220) or a regimen of intravenous busulfan (total dose 6.4 mg/kg) combined with fludarabine (FB2; n = 240), followed by alloHSCT. 64% of patients had AML and 36% MDS. The median age of patients was 60 years (range 31–70 years); 25% of patients were older than 65 years. The primary endpoint of this study was event-free survival (EFS) after 2 years. Events were defined as relapse of disease, graft failure or death (whatever occurred first). Non-inferiority of FT10 versus the reference FB2 was statistically proven (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier estimates of event-free survival (Full Analysis Set)

a Adjusted for donor type as factor, and risk group and centre as strata using Cox regression model. b For testing non-inferiority of treosulfan compared to busulfan.

c For testing superiority of treosulfan compared to busulfan.

Analyses of EFS at 2 years for various pre-defined subgroups (donor type, risk group, disease, age group, HCT-CI score, remission status at study entry, and various combinations of these parameters) were always in favour of the treosulfan regimen (hazard ratio [HR] of FT10 vs. FB2 < 1), with only one exception (risk group I of MDS patients; HR 1.14 [95% CI 0.48, 2.63]).

Further results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Treatment results at 24 months (Full analysis set)

Parameter	Treosulfan	Busulfan	Hazard ratio b (95% CI)	P value b
Number of patients	220	240
Overall survival3; % (95% CI)	71.3 (63.6, 77.6)	56.4 (48.4, 63.6)	0.61 (0.42, 0.88)	0.0082
Cumulative incidence of relapse/progres­sion; % (95% CI)	24.6 (17.8, 31.3)	23.3 (17.6, 29.0)	0.87 (0.59, 1.30)	0.5017
Cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality; % (95% CI)	12.1 (8.1, 17.7)	28.2 (21.4, 36.5)	0.54 (0.32, 0.91)	0.0201
a Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates; b adjusted for donor type, risk group and centre using Cox regression model

Results of GvHD are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Cumulative incidence of GvHD (Full analysis set)

Parameter	Treosulfan	Busulfan	P value
Number of patients	220	240
Acute GvHD, all Grades; % (95% CI)	52.1 (45.5, 58.7)	58.8 (52.5, 65.0)	0.1276
Acute GvHD, Grades III/IV; % (95% CI)	6.4 (3.2, 9.6)	9.6 (5.9, 13.3)	0.2099
Chronic GvHDa; % (95% CI)	60.1 (49.8, 70.3)	60.7 (53.1, 68.4)	0.5236
Extensive chronic GvHDa; % (95% CI)	18.4 (12.0, 24.8)	26.1 (19.2, 33.1)	0.1099
a Up to 2 years after alloHSCT

There is limited information available on treosulfan-based conditioning (FT14 regimen ± thiotepa; see section 4.2) in adult patients with non-malignant disorders (NMD). The main indications for an alloHSCT with treosulfan conditioning in adult NMD patients are haemoglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease, thalassaemia major [TM]), primary immune deficiency, hemophagocytic disorder, immune dysregulatory disorder and bone marrow failure).

In one study, 31 NMD patients were treated with the FT14 regimen plus anti-thymocyte globulin. The age of the patients ranged from 0.4 to 30.5 years, and 29% had HCT-CI scores > 2. All patients engrafted, with a median time to neutrophil engraftment of 21 (range, 12–46) days. The two-year projected overall survival was 90%. Complete disease responses were observed in 28 patients (90%), as measured by clinical symptoms and laboratory assays (Burroughs LM et al., Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2014; 20(12):1996–2003).

An Italian group treated 60 TM patients (age range 1–37 years; including 12 adults) with the FT14 plus thiotepa regimen. All patients engrafted except one, who died on day +11; the median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery was 20 days. With a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 4–73), the 5-year overall survival probability was 93% (95% CI 83–97%). No difference in terms of outcome was observed between children and adults (Bernardo ME et al.; Blood 2012; 120(2):473–6).

A retrospective comparison of treosulfan-based (n = 16) versus busulfan-based (n = 81) conditioning in adult patients revealed quite comparable survival rates (70.3 ± 15.1% vs. 69.3 ± 5.5%), while risk for acute GvHD was lower in the treosulfan group (odds ratio 0.28; 95% CI 0.12–0.67; P = 0.004) (Caocci G et al.; American Journal of Hematology 2017; 92(12):1303–1310).

Paediatric population

The efficacy and safety of treosulfan-based conditioning was evaluated in 70 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), AML, MDS, or juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) who received a conditioning regimen with treosulfan and fludarabine with (n = 65) or without (n = 5) thiotepa (see section 4.2). A total of 37 patients (52.9%) were younger than 12 years.

No patient experienced a primary graft failure but one patient with ALL experienced a secondary graft failure. The incidence of complete donor-type chimerism was 94.2% (90% CI 87.2–98.0%) at day +28 visit, 91.3% (90% CI 83.6–96.1%) at day +100 visit and 91.2% (90% CI 82.4–96.5%) at month 12 visit.

The overall survival at 12 months is 91.4% (90% CI 83.9–95.5%). A total of 7 of the 70 patients (10.0%) died, two patients because of relapse/progres­sion, three patients transplant-related and two further patients for other reasons. The freedom from transplant-related mortality until day +100 after HSCT (primary endpoint) is 98.6% (90% CI 93.4–99.7%) because one of the 70 patients died due to transplantati­on/treatment-related cause until day +100 after HSCT. Transplant-related mortality at 12 months is 2.9% (90% CI 0.9 – 8.9%). Eleven patients had a relapse/progres­sion. The cumulative incidence of relapse/progression is 15.7% (90% CI 8.6–22.9%) at month +12.

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of a study with treosulfan-based conditioning in paediatric patients with non-malignant diseases (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Treosulfan is a prodrug that is spontaneously converted under physiological conditions (pH 7.4; 37 °C) into a monoepoxide intermediate and L-diepoxybutane with a half-life of 2.2 hours.

Absorption

After intravenous administration, peak plasma levels are reached at the end of the infusion time. Maximum plasma levels (mean ± SD) in adult patients after a 2-hour intravenous infusion of 10, 12, or 14 g/m2 treosulfan were 306 ± 94 ^g/mL, 461 ± 102 ^g/mL, and 494 ± 126 ^g/mL, respectively.

Distribution

Treosulfan is rapidly distributed in the body; however, its penetration through the blood-brain-barrier is quite limited (see section 5.3). The volume of distribution in adult patients is about 20–30 litres. No dose accumulation with the recommended daily treatment on three consecutive days was observed. Treosulfan does not bind to plasma proteins.

Biotransformation

Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, temperature 37 °C), the pharmacologically inactive treosulfan is converted spontaneously (non-enzymatically) into the active monoepoxide intermediate (S,S-EBDM = (2S,3S)-1,2-epoxybutane-3,4-diol-4-methanesulfonate) and finally to L-diepoxibutane (S,S-DEB = (2S,3S)-1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane).

At concentrations up to 100 ^M, treosulfan has no unequivocal effect on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4 activities in vitro. Therefore, treosulfan is unlikely to participate in, or contribute to, potential CYP450-mediated interactions in vivo.

Elimination

Plasma concentrations of treosulfan decline exponentially and are best described by a first order elimination process fitted by a two-compartment model.

The terminal half-life (Ti/2b) of intravenously administered treosulfan (up to 47 g/m2) is approximately 2 hours. Approximately 25–40% of the treosulfan dose is excreted unchanged with the urine within 24 hours, nearly 90% of which within the first 6 hours after administration.

Linearity/non-linearity

Regression analysis of the area under the curve (AUC0-V) versus treosulfan dose indicated a linear correlation.

Renal and hepatic impairment

No pharmacokinetic studies with treosulfan were done in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment, because such patients are generally excluded from alloHSCT. About 25–40% of treosulfan is excreted in urine; however, an influence of renal function on renal clearance of treosulfan was not observed.

Paediatric population

Conventional dose calculation simply based on BSA results in a significantly higher exposure (AUC) of smaller children and infants with low BSA compared to adolescents or adults. Therefore, dosing of treosulfan in paediatric patients has to be adapted to the BSA (see section 4.2).

Mean apparent terminal half-life of treosulfan was comparable between the different age groups and ranged between 1.3 and 1.6 hours.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Due to its alkylating mechanism of action treosulfan is characterised as a genotoxic compound with carcinogenic potential. Specific reproductive and developmental toxicity studies on treosulfan in animals were not conducted. However, during chronic toxicity tests in rats spermatogenesis and ovarian function were significantly affected. Published literature data report on gonadotoxicity of treosulfan in pre-pubertal and pubertal male and female mice.

Published data concerning treatment of mice and rats with L-diepoxibutane (the alkylating transformation product of treosulfan) revealed impairment of fertility, uterine-ovarian and sperm development.

Juvenile animal studies

In juvenile rat toxicity studies treosulfan induced slight retardation of physical development and a slightly delayed time-point of vaginal opening in females. A very low penetration of blood-brain-barrier by treosulfan was observed in rats. The treosulfan concentrations in brain tissue were 95%-98% lower than in plasma. However, an approximately 3-fold higher exposure in brain tissue of juvenile rats in comparison to young adults was found.

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients

None.

6.2 Incompatibilities

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

6.3 Shelf life

Unopened vial

5 years

Reconstituted solution for infusion

After reconstitution with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution, chemical and physical stability has been demonstrated for 3 days at 25 °C.

From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of reconstitution precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.

Do not store in a refrigerator (2 °C-8 °C) as this might cause precipitation.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

For storage conditions after reconstitution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Trecondi 1 g powder for solution for infusion

Colourless type I glass vial, with rubber stopper and aluminium cap containing 1 g of treosulfan.

Trecondi 5 g powder for solution for infusion

Colourless type I glass vial, with rubber stopper and aluminium cap containing 5 g of treosulfan.

Trecondi is available in packs of 1 or 5 vials.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling

As with all cytotoxic substances, appropriate precautions should be taken when handling treosulfan.

Trained personnel should reconstitute the medicinal product. When handling treosulfan, inhalation, skin contact or contact with mucous membranes should be avoided (the use of adequate protective disposable gloves, goggles, gown and mask is recommended). Contaminated body parts should be carefully rinsed with water and soap, the eyes should be rinsed with sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution. If possible it is recommended to work on a special safety workbench, equipped with laminar flow, with liquid-impermeable, absorbent disposable foil. Adequate care and precautions should be taken in the disposal of items (syringes, needles, etc.) used to reconstitute cytotoxic medicinal products. Use Luer-lock fittings on all syringes and sets. Large bore needles are recommended to minimise pressure and the possible formation of aerosols. The latter may also be reduced by the use of a venting needle.

Pregnant personnel should be excluded from handling cytotoxics.

Instructions for reconstitution of treosulfan:

• 1. Treosulfan is reconstituted in its original glass container. Reconstituted solutions of treosulfan may be combined into a larger glass vial, PVC bag or PE bag.

• 2. To avoid solubility problems, warm the solvent, sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution, to 25 °C – 30 °C (not higher), for example by using a water bath.

• 3. Remove the treosulfan powder carefully from the inner surface of the vial by shaking. This procedure is very important, because moistening of powder that sticks to the surface results in caking. If this happens, vigorously shake the vial to redissolve the cake.

• 4. Reconstitute each vial of Trecondi containing 1 g treosulfan in 20 mL of pre-warmed (maximum 30 °C) sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution by shaking.

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

medac

Gesellschaft für klinische Spezialpräparate mbH

Theaterstr. 6

22880 Wedel

Germany

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

EU/1/18/1351/001 (1 g, 1 vial)

EU/1/18/1351/002 (1 g, 5 vials)

EU/1/18/1351/003 (5 g, 1 vial) EU/1/18/1351/004 (5 g, 5 vials)

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

Date of first authorisation: 20 June 2019