STEGLUJAN 5 MG / 100 MG FILM-COATED TABLETS - summary of medicine characteristics

This medicinal product is subject to additional monitoring. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions. See section 4.8 for how to report adverse reactions.

Steglujan® 5 mg/100 mg film-coated tablets

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Steglujan 5 mg/100 mg film-coated tablets

Each tablet contains 5 mg ertugliflozin (as ertugliflozin L-pyroglutamic acid) and 100 mg sitagliptin (as sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate).

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Film-coated tablet (tablet).

Steglujan 5 mg/100 mg film-coated tablets

Beige, 12.0 × 7.4 mm, almond-shaped, film-coated tablets debossed with “554” on one side and plain on the other side.

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Steglujan is indicated in adults aged 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise:

to improve glycaemic control when metformin and/or a sulphonylurea (SU) and one of the monocomponents of Steglujan do not provide adequate glycaemic control.

in patients already being treated with the combination of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin as separate tablets.

(For study results with respect to combinations and effects on glycaemic control, see sections 4.4, 4.5, and 5.1)

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology

The recommended starting dose is 5 mg ertugliflozin/100 mg sitagliptin once daily. In patients tolerating the starting dose, the dose may be increased to 15 mg ertugliflozin/100 mg sitagliptin, once daily, if additional glycaemic control is needed.

For patients treated with ertugliflozin who are being switched to Steglujan, the dose of ertugliflozin can be maintained.

When Steglujan is used in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue, a lower dose of insulin or the insulin secretagogue may be required to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia (see sections 4.4, 4.5, and 4.8).

In patients with volume depletion, correcting this condition prior to initiation of Steglujan is recommended (see section 4.4).

If a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon as the patient remembers. Patients should not take two doses of Steglujan on the same day.

Special populations

Renal impairment

Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiation of Steglujan and periodically thereafter (see section 4.4).

Initiation of this medicinal product is not recommended in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or CrCl less than 45 mL/min (see section 4.4).

In patients with an eGFR > 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, Steglujan should be initiated at 5 mg/100 mg and up-titrated to 15 mg/100 mg as needed for glycaemic control.

Because the glycaemic lowering efficacy of ertugliflozin is reduced in patients with moderate renal impairment and likely absent in patients with severe renal impairment, if further glycaemic control is needed, the addition of other antihyperglycaemic agents should be considered (see section 4.4).

Steglujan should be discontinued when eGFR is persistently less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or CrCl is persistently less than 45 mL/min.

The fixed-dose combination of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment, with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or receiving dialysis, as there is no clinical data to support effectiveness in these patients.

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment of Steglujan is necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Steglujan has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment and is not recommended for use in these patients (see section 5.2).

Elderly (> 65 years old)

No dose adjustment of Steglujan is recommended based on age. Elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function. Because renal function abnormalities can occur after initiating ertugliflozin, and sitagliptin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidneys, renal function should be assessed more frequently in elderly patients. Renal function and risk of volume depletion should be taken into account (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Steglujan in children under 18 years of age have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Steglujan should be taken orally once daily in the morning, with or without food. In case of swallowing difficulties, the tablet could be broken or crushed as it is an immediate-release dosage form.

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

General

Steglujan should not be used in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Acute pancreatitis

Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors has been associated with a risk of developing acute pancreatitis. Patients should be informed of the characteristic symptom of acute pancreatitis: persistent, severe abdominal pain. Resolution of pancreatitis has been observed after discontinuation of sitagliptin (with or without supportive treatment), but very rare cases of necrotising or haemorrhagic pancreatitis and/or death have been reported. If pancreatitis is suspected, Steglujan and other potentially suspect medicinal products should be discontinued; if acute pancreatitis is confirmed, Steglujan should not be restarted. Caution should be exercised in patients with a history of pancreatitis.

Hypotension/V olume depletion

Ertugliflozin causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to intravascular volume contraction. Therefore, symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiating Steglujan (see section 4.8), particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or CrCl less than 60 mL/min), elderly patients (> 65 years), patients on diuretics, or patients on anti-hypertensive therapy with a history of hypotension. Before initiating Steglujan, volume status should be assessed and corrected if indicated. Monitor for signs and symptoms after initiating therapy.

Due to its mechanism of action, ertugliflozin induces an osmotic diuresis and increases serum creatinine and decreases eGFR. Increases in serum creatinine and decreases in eGFR were greater in patients with moderate renal impairment (see section 4.8).

In case of conditions that may lead to fluid loss (e.g., gastrointestinal illness), careful monitoring of volume status (e.g., physical examination, blood pressure measurements, laboratory tests including haematocrit) and electrolytes is recommended for patients receiving Steglujan. Temporary interruption of treatment with Steglujan should be considered until the fluid loss is corrected.

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Rare cases of DKA, including life-threatening and fatal cases, have been reported in clinical trials and post-marketing in patients treated with sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including ertugliflozin. In a number of cases, the presentation of the condition was atypical with only moderately increased blood glucose values, below 14 mmol/L (250 mg/dL). It is not known if DKA is more likely to occur with higher doses of ertugliflozin.

The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis must be considered in the event of non-specific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, excessive thirst, difficulty breathing, confusion, unusual fatigue or sleepiness. Patients should be assessed for ketoacidosis immediately if these symptoms occur, regardless of blood glucose level.

In patients where DKA is suspected or diagnosed, treatment with Steglujan should be discontinued immediately.

Treatment should be interrupted in patients who are hospitalised for major surgical procedures or acute serious medical illnesses. Monitoring of ketones is recommended in these patients. Measurement of blood ketone levels is preferred to urine. Treatment with Steglujan may be restarted when the ketone values are normal and the patient’s condition has stabilised.

Before initiating Steglujan, factors in the patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis should be considered.

Patients who may be at higher risk of DKA include patients with a low beta-cell function reserve (e.g., type 2 diabetes patients with low C-peptide or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) or patients with a history of pancreatitis), patients with conditions that lead to restricted food intake or severe dehydration, patients for whom insulin doses are reduced and patients with increased insulin requirements due to acute medical illness, surgery, or alcohol abuse. SGLT2 inhibitors should be used with caution in these patients.

Restarting SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in patients with previous DKA while on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment is not recommended, unless another clear precipitating factor is identified and resolved.

The safety and efficacy of Steglujan in patients with type 1 diabetes have not been established and Steglujan should not be used for treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes. Limited data from clinical trials suggest that DKA occurs with common frequency when patients with type 1 diabetes are treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.

Lower limb amputations

In a long-term cardiovascular outcomes study VERTIS CV (eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety, CardioVascular), a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, non-traumatic lower limb amputations (primarily of the toe) were reported with an incidence of 2.0% (0.57 subjects with event per 100 patient-years), 2.1% (0.60 subjects with event per 100 patient-years) and 1.6% (0.47 subjects with event per 100 patient-years) for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo groups. The event rates of lower limb amputations were 0.75 and 0.96 versus 0.74 events per 100 patient-years for ertugliflozin 5 mg and ertugliflozin 15 mg versus placebo, respectively. An increase in cases of lower limb amputation (primarily of the toe) has been observed in longterm clinical studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus with SGLT2 inhibitors. It is not known whether this constitutes a class effect. It is important to counsel patients with diabetes on routine preventative foot care.

Renal impairment

The efficacy of ertugliflozin for glycaemic control is dependent on renal function, and glycaemic efficacy is reduced in patients who have moderate renal impairment and likely absent in patients with severe renal impairment (see section 4.2).

2 Steglujan should not be initiated in patients with an eGFR below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or CrCl below 45 mL/min. Steglujan should be discontinued when eGFR is persistently below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or CrCl is persistently below 45 mL/min due to a reduction of efficacy.

Monitoring of renal function is recommended as follows:

– Prior to Steglujan initiation and periodically during treatment (see section 4.2).

– More frequently in patients with an eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a CrCl

below 60 mL/min.

Hypoglycaemia with concomitant use with insulin and insulin secretagogues

Ertugliflozin may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia when used in combination with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue, which are known to cause hypoglycaemia (see section 4.8). Hypoglycaemia has been observed when sitagliptin was used in combination with insulin or a sulphonylurea. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimise the risk of hypoglycaemia when used in combination with Steglujan (see sections 4.2 and 4.5).

Genital mycotic infections

Ertugliflozin increases the risk of genital mycotic infections. In trials with SGLT2 inhibitors, patients with a history of genital mycotic infections and uncircumcised males were more likely to develop genital mycotic infections (see section 4.8). Patients should be monitored and treated appropriately.

Urinary tract infections

Urinary glucose excretion may be associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (see section 4.8). Temporary interruption of ertugliflozin should be considered when treating pyelonephritis or urosepsis.

Necrotising fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier’s gan­grene)

Post-marketing cases of necrotising fasciitis of the perineum, (also known as Fournier’s gan­grene), have been reported in female and male patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. This is a rare but serious and potentially life-threatening event that requires urgent surgical intervention and antibiotic treatment.

Patients should be advised to seek medical attention if they experience a combination of symptoms of pain, tenderness, erythema, or swelling in the genital or perineal area, with fever or malaise. Be aware that either uro-genital infection or perineal abscess may precede necrotising fasciitis. If Fournier’s gangrene is suspected, Steglujan should be discontinued and prompt treatment (including antibiotics and surgical debridement) should be instituted.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Post-marketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin have been reported (see section 4.8). These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment, with some reports occurring after the first dose. If a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, Steglujan should be discontinued. Other potential causes for the event should be assessed, and alternative treatment for diabetes initiated.

Bullous pemphigoid

There have been post-marketing reports of bullous pemphigoid in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors including sitagliptin. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, Steglujan should be discontinued.

Elderly patients

Elderly patients may be at an increased risk of volume depletion and renal impairment. Patients 65 years and older treated with ertugliflozin, had a higher incidence of adverse reactions related to volume depletion compared to younger patients. In a long-term cardiovascular outcomes study VERTIS CV, safety and efficacy were similar for patients age 65 years and older compared to patients younger than 65 (see sections 4.2 and 4.8).

Cardiac failure

There is no experience in clinical studies with Steglujan in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV.

Urine laboratory assessments

Due to the mechanism of action of ertugliflozin, patients taking Steglujan will test positive for glucose in their urine. Alternative methods should be used to monitor glycaemic control.

Interference with 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) assay

Monitoring glycaemic control with 1,5-AG assay is not recommended as measurements of 1,5-AG are unreliable in assessing glycaemic control in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. Alternative methods should be used to monitor glycaemic control.

Sodium

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially ‘sodium-free’.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with Steglujan have not been performed; however, such studies have been conducted with ertugliflozin and sitagliptin, the individual active substances of Steglujan.

Ertugliflozin

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Diuretics

Ertugliflozin may add to the diuretic effect of diuretics and may increase the risk of dehydration and hypotension (see section 4.4).

Insulin and insulin secretagogues

Insulin and insulin secretagogues, such as sulphonylureas, cause hypoglycaemia. Ertugliflozin may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia when used in combination with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or an insulin secretagogue may be required to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia when used in combination with Steglujan (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 4.8).

Pharmacokinetic interactions

Effects of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin

Metabolism by UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 is the primary clearance mechanism for ertugliflozin.

Interaction studies conducted in healthy subjects, using a single dose design, suggest that the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin are not altered by sitagliptin, metformin, glimepiride, or simvastatin.

Multiple-dose administration of rifampin (a UGT and CYP inducer) decreases ertugliflozin AUC and Cmax by 39% and 15%, respectively. This decrease in exposure is not considered clinically relevant and therefore, no dose adjustment is recommended. A clinically relevant effect with other inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital) is not expected.

The impact of UGT inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin has not been studied clinically, but potential increase in ertugliflozin exposure due to UGT inhibition is not considered to be clinically relevant.

Effects of ertugliflozin on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products

Interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers suggest that ertugliflozin had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, metformin, and glimepiride.

Coadministration of simvastatin with ertugliflozin resulted in a 24% and 19% increase in AUC and Cmax of simvastatin, respectively, and 30% and 16% increase in AUC and Cmax of simvastatin acid, respectively. The mechanism for the small increases in simvastatin and simvastatin acid is unknown and is not perpetrated through OATP inhibition by ertugliflozin. These increases are not considered to be clinically meaningful.

Sitagliptin

Pharmacokinetic interactions

Effects of other medicinal products on sitagliptin

Sitagliptin is primarily eliminated unchanged in urine, and metabolism is a minor pathway. In vitro studies indicate that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin is CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8.

Metabolism may play a more significant role in the elimination of sitagliptin in the setting of severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). For this reason, it is possible that potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (i.e., ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin) could alter the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin in patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD.

Interaction studies conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes or healthy volunteers suggest that metformin and ciclosporin had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin.

Effects of sitagliptin on other medicinal products

In drug interaction studies, sitagliptin did not have clinically meaningful effects on the pharmacokinetics of the following: metformin, rosiglitazone, glyburide, simvastatin, warfarin, and oral contraceptives.

Digoxin: Sitagliptin had a small effect on plasma digoxin concentrations. Following administration of 0.25 mg digoxin concomitantly with 100 mg of sitagliptin daily for 10 days, the plasma AUC of digoxin was increased on average by 11% and the plasma Cmax on average by 18%. No dose adjustment of digoxin is recommended. However, patients at risk of digoxin toxicity should be monitored for this when sitagliptin and digoxin are administered concomitantly.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

There are no data from the use of Steglujan in pregnant women. There are limited data from the use of ertugliflozin in pregnant women. Based on results from animal studies, ertugliflozin may affect renal development and maturation (see section 5.3). Therefore, Steglujan should not be used during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

There is no information regarding the presence of Steglujan or its individual components in human milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant, or the effects on milk production. No studies in lactating animals have been conducted with the combined components of Steglujan. Ertugliflozin and sitagliptin are present in the milk of lactating rats. Ertugliflozin caused effects in the offspring of lactating rats.

Pharmacologically mediated effects were observed in juvenile rats treated with ertugliflozin (see section 5.3). Since human kidney maturation occurs in utero and during the first 2 years of life when exposure from breast-feeding may occur, a risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Steglujan should not be used during breastfeeding.

Fertility

The effect of Steglujan on fertility in humans has not been studied. No effects of ertugliflozin or sitagliptin on fertility were observed in animal studies (see section 5.3).

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Steglujan has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, when driving or using machines, it should be taken into account that dizziness and somnolence have been reported with sitagliptin. In addition, patients should be alerted to the risk of hypoglycaemia when Steglujan is used in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue and to the elevated risk of adverse reactions related to volume depletion, such as postural dizziness (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 4.8).

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

Ertugliflozin and sitagliptin

The safety of concomitantly administered ertugliflozin and sitagliptin has been evaluated in 990 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated for 26 weeks in three studies; a factorial study of ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg in combination with sitagliptin 100 mg once daily compared to the individual components, a placebo-controlled study of ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg as add-on therapy to sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin once daily, and a placebo-controlled study of initial therapy with ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg once daily in combination with sitagliptin 100 mg once daily (see section 5.1). The incidence and type of adverse reactions in these three studies were similar to the adverse reactions seen with ertugliflozin and are described below in Table 1. There were no additional adverse reactions identified in these three trials that included sitagliptin relative to the three placebo-controlled studies with ertugliflozin (see below).

Ertugliflozin

The safety and tolerability of ertugliflozin were assessed in 7 placebo- or active comparator-controlled studies with a total of 3,409 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg. In addition, the safety and tolerability of ertugliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were assessed in VERTIS CV (see section 5.1) with a total of 5,493 patients treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg and a mean duration of exposure of 2.9 years.

Pool ofplacebo-controlled trials

The primary assessment of safety was conducted in a pool of three 26-week, placebo-controlled trials. Ertugliflozin was used as monotherapy in one trial and as add-on therapy in two trials (see section 5.1). These data reflect exposure of 1,029 patients to ertugliflozin with a mean exposure duration of approximately 25 weeks. Patients received ertugliflozin 5 mg (N=519), ertugliflozin 15 mg (N=510), or placebo (N=515) once daily.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions across the clinical program were vulvovaginal mycotic infection and other female genital mycotic infections. Serious diabetic ketoacidosis occurred rarely. See “Description of selected adverse reactions” for frequencies and see section 4.4.

Sitagliptin

Serious adverse reactions including pancreatitis and hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Hypoglycaemia has been reported in combination with sulphonylurea (4.7%-13.8%) and insulin (9.6%) (see section 4.4).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions listed below are classified according to frequency and system organ class (SOC). Frequency categories are defined according to the following convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 1: Adverse reactions from placebo- and active comparator-controlled clinical trials and post-marketing experience

Adverse reaction with ertugliflozin.

2 Adverse reaction with sitagliptin.

* See section 4.4.

2 See subsections below for additional information.

* Includes: pollakiuria, micturition urgency, polyuria, urine output increased, and nocturia.

§ Includes: thirst and polydipsia.

1 Mean percent changes from baseline for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg versus placebo, respectively, were LDLC 5.8% and 8.4% versus 3.2%; total cholesterol 2.8% and 5.7% versus 1.1%; however, HDL-C 6.2% and 7.6% versus 1.9%. Median percent changes from baseline for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg versus placebo, respectively, were triglycerides –3.9% and –1.7% versus 4.5%.

* * The proportion of subjects having at least 1 increase in haemoglobin > 2.0 g/dL was higher in the ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg groups (4.7% and 4.1%, respectively) compared to the placebo group (0.6%).

11 The proportion of subjects having any occurrence of BUN values >50% increase and value >ULN was numerically higher in the ertugliflozin 5 mg group and higher in the 15 mg group (7.9% and 9.8%, respectively) relative to the placebo group (5.1%).

a Adverse reactions were identified through post-marketing surveillance.

b See Sitagliptin cardiovascular outcomes study (TECOS) below.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Volume depletion (ertugliflozin)

Ertugliflozin causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to intravascular volume contraction and adverse reactions related to volume depletion. In the pool of placebo-controlled studies, the incidence of adverse events related to volume depletion (dehydration, dizziness postural, presyncope, syncope, hypotension and orthostatic hypotension) was low (< 2%) and not notably different across the ertugliflozin and placebo groups. In the subgroup analyses in the broader pool of Phase 3 studies, subjects with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, subjects > 65 years of age and subjects on diuretics had a higher incidence of volume depletion in the ertugliflozin groups relative to the comparator group (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). In subjects with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, the incidence was 5.1%, 2.6% and 0.5% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and the comparator group and for subjects with eGFR 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, the incidence was 6.4%, 3.7% and 0% respectively.

Hypoglycaemia (ertugliflozin)

In the pool of placebo-controlled studies, the incidence of documented hypoglycaemia was increased for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg (5.0% and 4.5%) compared to placebo (2.9%). In this population, the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.4% in each group. When ertugliflozin was used as monotherapy, the incidence of hypoglycaemic events in the ertugliflozin groups was 2.6% in both groups and 0.7% in the placebo group. When used as add-on to metformin, the incidence of hypoglycaemic events was 7.2% in the ertugliflozin 5 mg group, 7.8% in the ertugliflozin 15 mg group and 4.3% in the placebo group.

When ertugliflozin was added to metformin and compared to sulphonylurea, the incidence of hypoglycaemia was higher for the sulphonylurea (27%) compared to ertugliflozin (5.6% and 8.2% for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg, respectively).

In the VERTIS CV sub-studies, when ertugliflozin was added to insulin with or without metformin, the incidences of documented hypoglycaemia were 39.4%, 38.9% and 37.5% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo, respectively. When ertugliflozin was added to a sulphonylurea, the incidences of hypoglycaemia were 7.3%, 9.3% and 4.2% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo, respectively. When ertugliflozin was added to metformin and a sulphonylurea, the incidences of hypoglycaemia were 20.0%, 26.5% and 14.5% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo, respectively.

In patients with moderate renal impairment taking insulins, sulphonylurea, or meglitinides as background medication, documented hypoglycaemia was 36%, 27% and 36% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg, and placebo, respectively (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 4.5).

Diabetic ketoacidosis (ertugliflozin)

In VERTIS CV, ketoacidosis was identified in 19 (0.3%) ertugliflozin-treated patients and in 2 (0.1%) placebo-treated patients. Across 7 other Phase 3 clinical trials in the ertugliflozin development program, ketoacidosis was identified in 3 (0.1%) ertugliflozin-treated patients and 0.0% of comparator-treated patients (see section 4.4).

Blood creatinine increased/Glo­merular filtration rate decreased and renal-related events (ertugliflozin)

Initial increases in mean creatinine and decreases in mean eGFR in patients treated with ertugliflozin were generally transient during continuous treatment. Patients with moderate renal impairment at baseline had larger mean changes that did not return to baseline at Week 26; these changes reversed after treatment discontinuation.

In VERTIS CV, treatment with ertugliflozin was associated with an initial decrease in mean eGFR (at Week 6, –2.7, –3.8 and –0.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo groups, respectively) followed by a return toward baseline. Up to Week 260, continued treatment with ertugliflozin was associated with a slower decline in eGFR compared to placebo.

In VERTIS CV, the incidences of renal-related adverse reactions (e.g., acute kidney injury, renal impairment, acute prerenal failure) were 4.2%, 4.3% and 4.7% in patients treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo respectively in the overall population and were 9.7%, 10.0% and 10.2% in patients treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo respectively in patients with an eGFR from 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Genital mycotic infections (ertugliflozin)

In the pool of three placebo-controlled clinical trials, female genital mycotic infections (e.g., genital candidiasis, genital infection fungal, vaginal infection, vulvitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginitis) occurred in 9.1%, 12%, and 3.0% of females treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg, and placebo, respectively. In females, discontinuation due to genital mycotic infections occurred in 0.6% and 0% of patients treated with ertugliflozin and placebo, respectively (see section 4.4).

In the same pool, male genital mycotic infections (e.g., balanitis candida, balanoposthitis, genital infection, genital infection fungal) occurred in 3.7%, 4.2%, and 0.4% of males treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg, and placebo, respectively. Male genital mycotic infections occurred more commonly in uncircumcised males. In males, discontinuations due to genital mycotic infections occurred in 0.2% and 0% of patients treated with ertugliflozin and placebo, respectively. In rare instances, phimosis was reported and sometimes circumcision was performed (see section 4.4).

Urinary tract infections (ertugliflozin)

In VERTIS CV, urinary tract infections occurred in 12.2%, 12.0% and 10.2% of patients treated with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo, respectively. The incidences of serious urinary tract infections were 0.9%, 0.4%, and 0.8% with ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg and placebo, respectively.

Across 7 other Phase 3 clinical trials in the ertugliflozin development program, the incidences of urinary tract infections were 4.0% and 4.1% for ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg groups and 3.9% for placebo. Most of the events were mild or moderate, and no serious cases were reported.

Sitagliptin

In addition to the adverse reactions described in the table above, adverse experiences reported regardless of causal relationship to medication and occurring in at least 5% and more commonly in patients treated with sitagliptin included upper respiratory tract infection and nasopharyngitis. Additional adverse experiences reported regardless of causal relationship to medication that occurred more frequently in patients treated with sitagliptin (not reaching the 5% level, but occurring with an incidence of > 0.5% higher with sitagliptin than that in the control group) included osteoarthritis and pain in extremity.

Some adverse reactions were observed more frequently in studies of combination use of sitagliptin with other anti-diabetic medicinal products than in studies of sitagliptin monotherapy. These included hypoglycaemia (frequency very common with the combination of sulphonylurea and metformin), influenza (common with insulin (with or without metformin)), nausea and vomiting (common with metformin), flatulence (common with metformin or pioglitazone), constipation (common with the

combination of sulphonylurea and metformin), peripheral oedema (common with pioglitazone or the combination of pioglitazone and metformin), somnolence and diarrhoea (uncommon with metformin), and dry mouth (uncommon with insulin (with or without metformin)).

TECOS (trial evaluating cardiovascular outcomes with sitagliptin)

The cardiovascular safety study with sitagliptin (TECOS) included 7,332 patients treated with sitagliptin, 100 mg daily (or 50 mg daily if the baseline eGFR was > 30 and < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2), and 7,339 patients treated with placebo in the intention-to-treat population. Both treatments were added to usual care targeting regional standards for HbA1c and CV risk factors. The overall incidence of serious adverse events in patients receiving sitagliptin was similar to that in patients receiving placebo.

In the intention-to-treat population, among patients who were using insulin and/or a sulphonylurea at baseline, the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 2.7% in sitagliptin-treated patients and 2.5% in placebo-treated patients; among patients who were not using insulin and/or a sulphonylurea at baseline, the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 1.0% in sitagliptin-treated patients and 0.7% in placebo-treated patients. The incidence of adjudication-confirmed pancreatitis events was 0.3% in sitagliptin-treated patients and 0.2% in placebo-treated patients.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9 Overdose

In the event of an overdose with Steglujan, employ the usual supportive measures (e.g., remove unabsorbed material from the gastrointestinal tract, employ clinical monitoring including obtaining an electrocardiogram, and institute supportive treatment) as dictated by the patient’s clinical status.

Ertugliflozin

Ertugliflozin did not show any toxicity in healthy subjects at single oral doses up to 300 mg and multiple doses up to 100 mg daily for 2 weeks. No potential acute symptoms and signs of overdose were identified. Removal of ertugliflozin by haemodialysis has not been studied.

Sitagliptin

During controlled clinical trials in healthy subjects, single doses of up to 800 mg sitagliptin were administered. Minimal increases in QTc, not considered to be clinically relevant, were observed in one study at a dose of 800 mg sitagliptin. There is no experience with doses above 800 mg in clinical studies. In Phase 1 multiple-dose studies, there were no dose-related clinical adverse reactions observed with sitagliptin with doses of up to 600 mg per day for periods of up to 10 days and 400 mg per day for periods of up to 28 days.

Sitagliptin is modestly dialysable. In clinical studies, approximately 13.5% of the dose was removed over a 3– to 4-hour haemodialysis session. Prolonged haemodialysis may be considered if clinically appropriate. It is not known if sitagliptin is dialysable by peritoneal dialysis.

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs, ATC code: A10BD24.

Mechanism of action

Steglujan combines two antihyperglycaemic agents with complementary mechanisms of action to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: ertugliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, and sitagliptin phosphate, a DPP-4 inhibitor.

Ertugliflozin

SGLT2 is the predominant transporter responsible for reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate back into the circulation. Ertugliflozin is a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of SGLT2. By inhibiting SGLT2, ertugliflozin reduces renal reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion.

Sitagliptin

Sitagliptin is a member of a class of oral antihyperglycaemic agents called dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The improvement in glycaemic control observed with this medicinal product may be mediated by enhancing the levels of active incretin hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signalling pathways involving cyclic AMP. Treatment with GLP-1 or with DPP-4 inhibitors in animal models of type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated to improve beta cell responsiveness to glucose and stimulate insulin biosynthesis and release. With higher insulin levels, tissue glucose uptake is enhanced. In addition, GLP-1 lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells. Decreased glucagon concentrations, along with higher insulin levels, lead to reduced hepatic glucose production, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose levels. The effects of GLP-1 and GIP are glucose-dependent such that when blood glucose concentrations are low, stimulation of insulin release and suppression of glucagon secretion by GLP-1 are not observed.

For both GLP-1 and GIP, stimulation of insulin release is enhanced as glucose rises above normal concentrations. Further, GLP-1 does not impair the normal glucagon response to hypoglycaemia. The activity of GLP-1 and GIP is limited by the DPP-4 enzyme, which rapidly hydrolyses the incretin hormones to produce inactive products. Sitagliptin prevents the hydrolysis of incretin hormones by DPP-4, thereby increasing plasma concentrations of the active forms of GLP-1 and GIP. By enhancing active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in a glucose-dependent manner. In patients with type 2 diabetes with hyperglycaemia, these changes in insulin and glucagon levels lead to lower haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lower fasting and post-prandial glucose concentrations. The glucose-dependent mechanism of sitagliptin is distinct from the mechanism of sulphonylureas, which increase insulin secretion even when glucose levels are low and can lead to hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and in normal subjects. Sitagliptin is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the enzyme DPP-4 and does not inhibit the closely-related enzymes DPP-8 or DPP-9 at therapeutic concentrations.

In a two-day study in healthy subjects, sitagliptin alone increased active GLP-1 concentrations, whereas metformin alone increased active and total GLP-1 concentrations to similar extents. Coadministration of sitagliptin and metformin had an additive effect on active GLP-1 concentrations. Sitagliptin, but not metformin, increased active GIP concentrations.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Ertugliflozin

Urinary glucose excretion and urinary volume

Dose-dependent increases in the amount of glucose excreted in urine were observed in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following single- and multiple-dose administration of ertugliflozin. Dose-response modelling indicates that ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg result in near maximal urinary glucose excretion (UGE) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, providing 87% and 96% of maximal inhibition, respectively.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Glycaemic control

The glycaemic efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin in combination with sitagliptin have been studied in 3 multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator-controlled, Phase 3 clinical studies involving 1,985 patients with type 2 diabetes. Across the 3 studies, the racial distribution ranged from 72.9% to 90.4% White, 0.0% to 20.3% Asian, 1.9% to 4.5% Black and 4.8% to 5.4% Other. Hispanic or Latino patients comprised 15.6% to 36.1% of the population. The mean age of the patients across these 3 studies ranged from 55.1 to 59.1 years (range 21 years to 85 years). Across the 3 studies, 16.2% to 29.9% of patients were > 65 years of age and 2.3% to 2.8% were > 75 years of age.

Factorial study with ertugliflozin and sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin

A total of 1,233 patients with type 2 diabetes participated in a randomised, doubleblind, multi-centre, 26-week, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg in combination with sitagliptin 100 mg compared to the individual components. Patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy (> 1,500 mg/day) were randomised to one of five active-treatment arms: ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg, sitagliptin 100 mg, or sitagliptin 100 mg in combination with 5 mg or 15 mg ertugliflozin administered once daily in addition to continuation of background metformin therapy (see Table 2).

Table 2: Results at Week 26 from a factorial study with ertugliflozin and sitagliptin as add-on

combination therapy with metformin compared to individual components alone*

* N includes all randomised, treated patients who had at least one measurement of the outcome variable.

* Least squares means adjusted for time, baseline eGFR and the interaction of time by treatment.

* p< 0.001 compared to control group.

§ p< 0.001 compared to corresponding dose of ertugliflozin or sitagliptin (based on adjusted odds ratio comparisons from a logistic regression model using multiple imputation for missing data values).

Ertugliflozin as add-on combination therapy with metformin and sitagliptin

A total of 463 patients, with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin (> 1,500 mg/day) and sitagliptin 100 mg once daily participated in a randomised, double-blind, multi-centre, 26-week, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin. Patients were randomised to ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg, or placebo administered once daily in addition to continuation of background metformin and sitagliptin therapy (see Table 3).

Table 3: Results at Week 26 from an add-on study of ertugliflozin in combination with metformin and sitagliptin*

* N includes all randomised, treated patients who had at least one measurement of the outcome variable.

' Least squares means adjusted for time, prior antihyperglycaemic medication, baseline eGFR, and the interaction

of time by treatment.

* p< 0.001 compared to placebo.

§ p< 0.001 compared to placebo (based on adjusted odds ratio comparisons from a logistic regression model using multiple imputation for missing data values).

Combination therapy of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin

A total of 291 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet and exercise participated in a randomised, double-blind, multi-centre, placebo-controlled 26-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin in combination with sitagliptin. These patients, who were not receiving any background antihyperglycaemic treatment, were randomised to ertugliflozin 5 mg or ertugliflozin 15 mg in combination with sitagliptin (100 mg) or to placebo, once daily (see Table 4).

Table 4: Results at Week-26 from a combination therapy study of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin*

* N includes all patients who received at least one dose of study medication and had at least one measurement

of the outcome variable.

t Least squares means adjusted for time, and the interaction of time by treatment.

* p< 0.001 compared to placebo.

§ p< 0.001 compared to placebo (based on adjusted odds ratio comparisons from a logistic regression model using multiple imputation for missing data values).

Fasting plasma glucose

In three placebo-controlled studies, ertugliflozin resulted in statistically significant reductions in FPG. For ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg, respectively, the placebo-corrected reductions in FPG were 1.92 and 2.44 mmol/L as monotherapy, 1.48 and 2.12 mmol/L as add-on to metformin, and 1.40 and 1.74 mmol/L as add-on to metformin and sitagliptin.

The combination of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin resulted in significantly greater reductions in FPG compared to sitagliptin or ertugliflozin alone or placebo. The combination of ertugliflozin 5 or 15 mg and sitagliptin resulted in incremental FPG reductions of 0.46 to 0.65 mmol/L compared to the ertugliflozin alone or 1.02 to 1.28 mmol/L compared to sitagliptin alone. The placebo-corrected reductions of ertugliflozin 5 or 15 mg in combination with sitagliptin were 2.16 and 2.56 mmol/L.

Efficacy in patients with baseline HbA1c > 10%

In the study of patients inadequately controlled on metformin with baseline HbA1c from 7.5–11.0%, among the subgroup of patients with a baseline HbAlc > 10%, the combination of ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg with sitagliptin resulted in reductions of HbA1c of 2.35% and 2.66%, respectively, compared to 2.10%, 1.30%, and 1.82% for ertugliflozin 5 mg, ertugliflozin 15 mg, and sitagliptin alone, respectively.

Post-prandial glucose

When used in monotherapy, ertugliflozin 5 and 15 mg resulted in statistically significant placebo-corrected reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose (PPG) of 3.83 and 3.74 mmol/L.

The combination of ertugliflozin 5 or 15 mg with sitagliptin resulted in statistically significant placebo-corrected reductions in 2-hour PPG of 3.46 and 3.87 mmol/L.

Blood pressure

After 26-weeks of treatment, the combination of ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg and sitagliptin 100 mg resulted in statistically significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to sitagliptin alone (-2.8 and –3.0 mmHg for E5/S100 and E15/S100 respectively) or placebo (-4.4 and –6.4 mmHg for E5/S100 and E15/S100, respectively). Additionally, when added on to background metformin and sitagliptin therapy, ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg resulted in statistically significant placebo subtracted reductions in SBP of 2.9 and 3.9 mmHg, respectively.

Subgroup analysis

In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with ertugliflozin in combination with sitagliptin, the improvement in HbA1c was similar across subgroups defined by age, sex, and race, and duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cardiovascular outcomes

Ertugliflozin cardiovascular outcomes study (VERTIS CV)

The effect of ertugliflozin on cardiovascular risk in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was evaluated in the VERTIS CV study, a multi-centre, multi-national, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven trial. The study compared the risk of experiencing a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) between ertugliflozin and placebo when these were added to and used concomitantly with standard of care treatments for diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

A total of 8,246 patients were randomised (placebo N=2,747, ertugliflozin 5 mg N=2,752, ertugliflozin 15 mg N=2,747) and followed for a median of 3 years. The mean age was 64 years and approximately 70% were male.

All patients in the study had inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline (HbA1c greater than or equal to 7%). The mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 13 years, the mean HbA1c at baseline was 8.2% and the mean eGFR was 76 mL/min/1.73 m2. At baseline, patients were treated with one (32%) or more (67%) antidiabetic medications including metformin (76%), insulin (47%), sulphonylureas (41%), DPP-4 inhibitors (11%) and GLP-1 receptor agonists (3%).

Almost all patients (99%) had established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at baseline. Approximately 24% patients had a history of heart failure. The primary endpoint in VERTIS CV was the time to first occurrence of MACE (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke).

Ertugliflozin demonstrated non-inferiority versus placebo for MACE (see Table 5). Results for the individual 5 mg and 15 mg doses were consistent with results for the combined dose groups.

In patients treated with ertugliflozin, the rate of hospitalisation for heart failure was lower than in patients treated with placebo (see Table 5 and Figure 1).

Table 5: Analysis of MACE and its components and hospitalisation for heart failure from the VERTIS CV study*

N=Number of patients, CI=Confidence interval, CV=Cardiovascular, MI=Myocardial infarction.

Intent-to-treat analysis set.

t MACE was evaluated in subjects who took at least one dose of study medication and, for subjects who discontinued study medication prior to the end of the study, events that occurred more than 365 days after the last dose of study medication were censored. Other endpoints were evaluated using all randomised subjects and events that occurred any time after the first dose of study medication until the last contact date. The total number of first events was analysed for each endpoint.

* For MACE a 95.6% CI is presented, for other endpoints a 95% CI is presented.

# Not evaluated for statistical significance as it was not a part of the prespecified sequential testing procedure.

Figure 1: Time to first occurrence of hospitalisation for heart failure

Sitagliptin cardiovascular outcomes study (TECOS)

The TECOS was a randomised study in 14,671 patients in the intention-to-treat population with an HbA1c of > 6.5 to 8.0% with established CV disease who received sitagliptin (7,332) 100 mg daily (or 50 mg daily if the baseline eGFR was > 30 and

< 50 mL/min/1.73 m2) or placebo (7,339) added to usual care targeting regional standards for HbA1c and CV risk factors. Patients with an eGFR

< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were not to be enrolled in the study. The study population included 2,004 patients > 75 years of age and 3,324 patients with renal impairment (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).

Over the course of the study, the overall estimated mean (SD) difference in HbA1c between the sitagliptin and placebo groups was 0.29% (0.01), 95% CI (-0.32, –0.27); p< 0.001. The primary cardiovascular endpoint was a composite of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalisation for unstable angina. Secondary cardiovascular endpoints included the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke; first occurrence of the individual components of the primary composite; all-cause mortality; and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure.

After a median follow up of 3 years, sitagliptin, when added to usual care, did not increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events or the risk of hospitalisation for heart failure compared to usual care without sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes (see Table 6).

Table 6: Rates of composite cardiovascular outcomes and key secondary outcomes

*Incidence rate per 100 patient-years is calculated as 100 x (total number of patients with > 1 event during eligible exposure period per total patient-years of follow-up).

' Based on a Cox model stratified by region. For composite endpoints, the p-values correspond to a test of non-inferiority seeking to show that the hazard ratio is less than 1.3. For all other endpoints, the p-values correspond to a test of differences in hazard rates.

'The analysis of hospitalisation for heart failure was adjusted for a history of heart failure at baseline.

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Steglujan in all subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Steglujan

Steglujan has been shown to be bioequivalent to coadministration of corresponding doses of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin tablets.

The effects of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin when administered as Steglujan tablets are comparable to those reported for the individual tablets. Administration of Steglujan with food decreased ertugliflozin Cmax

by 29% and had no meaningful effect on ertugliflozin AUCinf, or on sitagliptin AUCinf

and C

max.

Ertugliflozin

General introduction

The pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin are similar in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. The steady state mean plasma AUC and Cmax were 398 ng-hr/mL and 81 ng/mL, respectively, with 5 mg ertugliflozin once daily treatment, and 1,193 ng-hr/mL and 268 ng/mL, respectively, with 15 mg ertugliflozin once daily treatment. Steady-state is reached after 4 to 6 days of once-daily dosing with ertugliflozin. Ertugliflozin does not exhibit time-dependent pharmacokinetics and accumulates in plasma up to 10–40% following multiple dosing.

Absorption

Following single-dose oral administration of 5 mg and 15 mg of ertugliflozin, peak plasma concentrations (median Tmax) of ertugliflozin occur at 1 hour post-dose under fasted conditions. Plasma Cmax and AUC of ertugliflozin increase in a dose-proportional manner following single doses from 0.5 mg to 300 mg and following multiple doses from 1 mg to 100 mg. The absolute oral bioavailability of ertugliflozin following administration of a 15-mg dose is approximately 100%.

Administration of ertugliflozin with a high-fat and high-calorie meal decreases ertugliflozin Cmax by 29% and prolongs Tmax by 1 hour but does not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state. The observed effect of food on ertugliflozin pharmacokinetics is not considered clinically relevant, and ertugliflozin may be administered with or without food. In Phase 3 clinical trials, ertugliflozin was administered without regard to meals.

Ertugliflozin is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporters.

Distribution

The mean steady-state volume of distribution of ertugliflozin following an intravenous dose is 86 l. Plasma protein binding of ertugliflozin is 93.6% and is independent of ertugliflozin plasma concentrations. Plasma protein binding is not meaningfully altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. The blood-to-plasma concentration ratio of ertugliflozin is 0.66.

Ertugliflozin is not a substrate of organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT3), organic cation transporters (OCT1, OCT2), or organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1, OATP1B3) in vitro.

Biotransformation

Metabolism is the primary clearance mechanism for ertugliflozin. The major metabolic pathway for ertugliflozin is UGT1A9 and UGT2B7-mediated O-glucuronidation to two glucuronides that are pharmacologically inactive at clinically relevant concentrations. CYP-mediated (oxidative) metabolism of ertugliflozin is minimal (12%).

Elimination

The mean systemic plasma clearance following an intravenous 100 pg dose was 11 l/hr. The mean elimination half-life in type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function was estimated to be 17 hours based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis. Following administration of an oral [14C]-ertugliflozin solution to healthy subjects, approximately 41% and 50% of the drug-related radioactivity was eliminated in faeces and urine, respectively.

Only 1.5% of the administered dose was excreted as unchanged ertugliflozin in urine and 34% as unchanged ertugliflozin in faeces, which is likely due to biliary excretion of glucuronide metabolites and subsequent hydrolysis to parent.

Special populations

Renal impairment

In a Phase 1 clinical pharmacology study in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (as determined by eGFR), following a singledose administration of 15 mg ertugliflozin, the mean increases in AUC of ertugliflozin were < 1.7-fold, compared to subjects with normal renal function. These increases in ertugliflozin AUC are not considered clinically relevant. There were no clinically meaningful differences in the ertugliflozin Cmax values among the different renal function groups. The 24-hour urinary glucose excretion declined with increasing severity of renal impairment (see section 4.4). The plasma protein binding of ertugliflozin was unaffected in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Moderate hepatic impairment (based on the Child-Pugh classification) did not result in an increase in exposure of ertugliflozin. The AUC of ertugliflozin decreased by approximately 13%, and Cmax decreased by approximately 21% compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. This decrease in ertugliflozin exposure is not considered clinically meaningful. There is no clinical experience in patients with Child-Pugh class C (severe) hepatic impairment. The plasma protein binding of ertugliflozin was unaffected in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population

No studies with ertugliflozin have been performed in paediatric patients.

Effects of age, body weight, gender and race

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, age, body weight, gender, and race do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of ertugliflozin.

Sitagliptin

Absorption

Following oral administration of a 100-mg dose to healthy subjects, sitagliptin was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations (median Tmax) occurring 1 to 4 hours post-dose. Mean plasma AUC of sitagliptin was 8.52 M^hr and Cmax was 950 nM. The absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin is approximately 87%. Since coadministration of a high-fat meal with sitagliptin had no effect on the pharmacokinetics, Steglujan may be administered with or without food.

Plasma AUC of sitagliptin increased in a dose-proportional manner.

Dose-proportionality was not established for Cmax and C24hr (Cmax increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner and C24hr increased in a less than dose-proportional manner).

Distribution

The mean volume of distribution at steady state following a single 100-mg intravenous dose of sitagliptin to healthy subjects is approximately 198 l. The fraction of sitagliptin reversibly bound to plasma proteins is low (38%).

Biotransformation

Sitagliptin is primarily eliminated unchanged in urine, and metabolism is a minor pathway. Approximately 79% of sitagliptin is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Following a [14C]sitagliptin oral dose, approximately 16% of the radioactivity was excreted as metabolites of sitagliptin. Six metabolites were detected at trace levels and are not expected to contribute to the plasma DPP-4 inhibitory activity of sitagliptin. In vitro studies indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin was CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8.

In vitro data showed that sitagliptin is not an inhibitor of CYP isozymes CYP3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19 or 2B6, and is not an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2.

Elimination

Following administration of an oral [14C]-sitagliptin dose to healthy subjects, approximately 100% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in faeces (13%) or urine (87%) within one week of dosing. The apparent terminal t1/2 following a 100-mg oral dose of sitagliptin was approximately 12.4 hours. Sitagliptin accumulates only minimally with multiple doses. The renal clearance was approximately 350 mL/min.

Elimination of sitagliptin occurs primarily via renal excretion and involves active tubular secretion. Sitagliptin is a substrate for human organic anion transporter-3 (hOAT-3), which may be involved in the renal elimination of sitagliptin. The clinical relevance of hOAT-3 in sitagliptin transport has not been established. Sitagliptin is also a substrate of P-gp, which may also be involved in mediating the renal elimination of sitagliptin. However, ciclosporin, a P-gp inhibitor, did not reduce the renal clearance of sitagliptin. Sitagliptin is not a substrate for OCT2 or OAT1 or peptide transporter 1/2 (PEPT1/2) transporters. In vitro, sitagliptin did not inhibit OAT3 (IC50=160 M) or p-glycoprotein (up to 250 M) mediated transport at therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations. In a clinical study sitagliptin had a small effect on plasma digoxin concentrations indicating that sitagliptin may be a mild inhibitor of P-gp.

Drug interactions

No drug interactions studies have been performed with Steglujan and other medicinal products; however, such studies have been conducted with the individual active substances.

In vitro assessment of ertugliflozin

In in vitro studies, ertugliflozin and ertugliflozin glucuronides did not inhibit or inactivate CYPs 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2C8, 2B6, 2D6, or 3A4, and did not induce CYPs 1A2, 2B6, or 3A4. Ertugliflozin and ertugliflozin glucuronides did not inhibit the activity of UGTs 1A6, 1A9 or 2B7 in vitro. Ertugliflozin was a weak inhibitor of UGTs 1A1 and 1A4 in vitro at higher concentrations that are not clinically relevant.

Ertugliflozin glucuronides had no effect on these isoforms. Overall, ertugliflozin is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of concurrently administered drugs eliminated by these enzymes.

Ertugliflozin or ertugliflozin glucuronides do not meaningfully inhibit P-gp, OCT2, OAT1, or OAT3 transporters or transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 at clinically relevant concentrations in vitro. Overall, ertugliflozin is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of concurrently administered medications that are substrates of these transporters.

In vitro assessment of sitagliptin

In vitro data suggest that sitagliptin does not inhibit or induce CYP450 isoenzymes. In clinical studies, sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glyburide, simvastatin, rosiglitazone, warfarin, or oral contraceptives, providing in vivo evidence of a low propensity for causing interactions with substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and OCT. Sitagliptin may be a mild inhibitor of P-gp in vivo.

In vitro transport studies showed that sitagliptin is a substrate for P-gp and OAT3. OAT3 mediated transport of sitagliptin was inhibited in vitro by probenecid, although the risk of clinically meaningful interactions is considered to be low. Concomitant administration of OAT3 inhibitors has not been evaluated in vivo.

Characteristics in patients

The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin were generally similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Renal impairment

In patients with normal renal function, metabolism, including via CYP3A4, plays only a small role in the clearance of sitagliptin. Metabolism may play a more significant role in the elimination of sitagliptin in the setting of severe renal impairment or endstage renal disease (ESRD).

Compared to normal healthy control subjects, plasma AUC of sitagliptin was increased modestly in patients with GFR > 45 to < 90 mL/min. Because increases of this magnitude are not clinically relevant, dosage adjustment in these patients is not necessary.

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment for sitagliptin is necessary for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 9). There is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score > 9). However, because sitagliptin is primarily renally eliminated, severe hepatic impairment is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin.

Elderly

No dose adjustment is required based on age. Age did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Phase 1 and Phase 2 data. Elderly subjects (65 to 80 years) had approximately 19% higher plasma concentrations of sitagliptin compared to younger subjects.

Paediatric

No studies with sitagliptin have been performed in paediatric patients.

Other patient characteristics

No dose adjustment is necessary based on gender, race, or body mass index (BMI). These characteristics had no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a composite analysis of Phase 1 pharmacokinetic data and on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Phase 1 and Phase 2 data.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenic potential.

Ertugliflozin

General toxicity

Repeat-dose oral toxicity studies were conducted in mice, rats, and dogs for up to 13, 26, and 39 weeks, respectively. Signs of toxicity that were considered adverse were generally observed at exposures greater than or equal to 77 times the human unbound exposure (AUC) at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 15 mg/day. Most toxicity was consistent with pharmacology related to urinary glucose loss and included decreased body weight and body fat, increased food consumption, diarrhoea, dehydration, decreased serum glucose and increases in other serum parameters reflective of increased protein metabolism, gluconeogenesis and electrolyte imbalances, and urinary changes such as polyuria, glucosuria, and calciuria. Microscopic changes related to glucosuria and/or calciuria observed only in rodents included dilatation of renal tubules, hypertrophy of zona glomerulosa in adrenal glands (rats), and increased trabecular bone (rats). Except for emesis, there were no adverse toxicity findings in dogs at 379 times the human unbound exposure (AUC) at the MRHD of 15 mg/day.

Carcinogenesis

In the 2-year mouse carcinogenicity study, ertugliflozin was administered by oral gavage at doses of 5, 15, and 40 mg/kg/day. There were no ertugliflozin-related neoplastic findings at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (approximately 41 times human unbound exposure at the MRHD of 15 mg/day based on AUC). In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study, ertugliflozin was administered by oral gavage at doses of 1.5, 5, and 15 mg/kg/day. Ertugliflozin-related neoplastic findings included an increased incidence of benign adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma in male rats at 15 mg/kg/day. This finding was attributed to carbohydrate malabsorption leading to altered calcium homeostasis and was not considered relevant to human risk. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for neoplasia was 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 16 times human unbound exposure at the MRHD of 15 mg/day).

Mutagenesis

Ertugliflozin was not mutagenic or clastogenic with or without metabolic activation in the microbial reverse mutation, in vitro cytogenetic (human lymphocytes), and in vivo rat micronucleus assays.

Reproductive toxicology

In the rat fertility and embryonic development study, male and female rats were administered ertugliflozin at 5, 25, and 250 mg/kg/day. No effects on fertility were observed at

250 mg/kg/day (approximately 386 times human unbound exposure at the MRHD of 15 mg/day based on AUC comparisons). Ertugliflozin did not adversely affect developmental outcomes in rats and rabbits at maternal exposures that were 239 and 1,069 times, respectively, the human exposure at the maximum clinical dose of 15 mg/day, based on AUC. At a maternally toxic dose in rats (250 mg/kg/day), lower foetal viability and a higher incidence of a visceral malformation were observed at maternal exposure that was 510 times the maximum clinical dose of 15 mg/day.

In the pre- and post-natal development study, decreased post-natal growth and development were observed in rats administered ertugliflozin gestation day 6 through lactation day 21 at > 100 mg/kg/day (estimated 239 times the human exposure at the maximum clinical dose of

5 mg/day, based on AUC). Sexual maturation was delayed in both sexes at 250 mg/kg/day (estimated 620 times the MRHD at 15 mg/day, based on AUC).

When ertugliflozin was administered to juvenile rats from post-natal day (PND) 21 to PND 90, a period of renal development corresponding to the late second and third trimesters of human pregnancy, increased kidney weights, dilatation of the renal pelvis and tubules, and renal tubular mineralisation were seen at an exposure 13 times the maximum clinical dose of 15 mg/day, based on AUC. Effects on bone (shorter femur length, increased trabecular bone in the femur) as well as effects of delayed puberty were observed at an exposure 817 times the MRHD of 15 mg/day based on AUC. The effects on kidney and bone did not fully reverse after the 1 month recovery period.

Sitagliptin

Renal and liver toxicity were observed in rodents at systemic exposure values 58 times the human exposure level, while the no-effect level was found at 19 times the human exposure level. Incisor teeth abnormalities were observed in rats at exposure levels 67 times the clinical exposure level; the no-effect level for this finding was 58-fold based on the 14-week rat study. The relevance of these findings for humans is unknown. Transient treatment-related physical signs, some of which suggest neural toxicity, such as open-mouth breathing, salivation, white foamy emesis, ataxia, trembling, decreased activity, and/or hunched posture were observed in dogs at exposure levels approximately 23 times the clinical exposure level. In addition, very slight to slight skeletal muscle degeneration was also observed histologically at doses resulting in systemic exposure levels of approximately 23 times the human exposure level. A no-effect level for these findings was found at an exposure 6-fold the clinical exposure level.

Sitagliptin has not been demonstrated to be genotoxic in preclinical studies.

Sitagliptin was not carcinogenic in mice. In rats, there was an increased incidence of hepatic adenomas and carcinomas at systemic exposure levels 58 times the human exposure level. Since hepatotoxicity has been shown to correlate with induction of hepatic neoplasia in rats, this increased incidence of hepatic tumours in rats was likely secondary to chronic hepatic toxicity at this high dose. Because of the high safety margin (19-fold at this no-effect level), these neoplastic changes are not considered relevant for the situation in humans.

No adverse effects upon fertility were observed in male and female rats given sitagliptin prior to and throughout mating.

In a pre-/post-natal development study performed in rats sitagliptin showed no adverse effects.

Reproductive toxicity studies showed a slight treatment-related increased incidence of foetal rib malformations (absent, hypoplastic and wavy ribs) in the offspring of rats at systemic exposure levels more than 29 times the human exposure levels. Maternal toxicity was seen in rabbits at more than 29 times the human exposure levels. Because of the high safety margins, these findings do not suggest a relevant risk for human reproduction. Sitagliptin is secreted in considerable amounts into the milk of lactating rats (milk/plasma ratio: 4:1).

6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Tablet core

Microcrystalline cellulose (E460)

Calcium hydrogen phosphate (anhydrous)

Croscarmellose sodium

Sodium stearyl fumarate (E487)

Magnesium stearate (E470b)

Tablet coat

Hypromellose (E464)

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (E463)

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Iron oxide red (E172)

Iron oxide yellow (E172)

Iron oxide black (E172)

Carnauba wax (E903)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

2 years

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Alu/PVC/PA/Alu blisters

Packs of 14, 28, 30, 84, 90 and 98 film-coated tablets in non-perforated blisters.

Packs of 30×1 film-coated tablets in perforated unit dose blisters.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.