Summary of medicine characteristics - RYDAPT 25 MG SOFT CAPSULES
This medicinal product is subject to additional monitoring. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions. See section 4.8 for how to report adverse reactions.
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Rydapt® 25 mg soft capsules
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each soft capsule contains 25 mg midostaurin.
Excipients with known effect
Each soft capsule contains approximately 83 mg ethanol anhydrous and 415 mg macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Soft capsule (capsule).
Pale orange, oblong capsule with red imprint “PKC NVR”. The dimensions of the capsule are approximately 25.4 × 9.2 mm.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications
Rydapt is indicated:
in combination with standard daunorubicin and cytarabine induction and high-dose cytarabine consolidation chemotherapy, and for patients in complete response followed by Rydapt single agent maintenance therapy, for adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who are FLT3 mutation-positive (see section 4.2);
as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), systemic mastocytosis with associated haematological neoplasm (SM-AHN), or mast cell leukaemia (MCL).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment with Rydapt should be initiated by a physician experienced in the use of anti-cancer therapies.
Before taking midostaurin, AML patients must have confirmation of FLT3 mutation (internal tandem duplication [ITD] or tyrosine kinase domain [TKD]) using a validated test.
Posology
Rydapt should be taken orally twice daily at approximately 12-hour intervals. The capsules should be taken with food (see sections 4.5 and 5.2).
Prophylactic antiemetics should be administered in accordance with local medical practice as per patient tolerance.
AML
The recommended dose of Rydapt is 50 mg orally twice daily.
Rydapt is dosed on days 8–21 of induction and consolidation chemotherapy cycles, and then for patients in complete response every day as single agent maintenance therapy until relapse for up to 12 cycles of 28 days each (see section 4.1). In patients receiving a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT), Rydapt should be discontinued 48 hours prior to the conditioning regimen for SCT.
Dose modifications in AML
Recommendations for dose modifications of Rydapt in patients with AML are provided in Table 1.
Table 1 Rydapt dose interruption, reduction and discontinuation recommendations in patients with AML
| Phase | Criteria | Rydapt dosing |
| Induction, consolidation and maintenance | Grade 3/4 pulmonary infiltrates | Interrupt Rydapt for the remainder of the cycle. Resume Rydapt at the same dose when infiltrate resolves to Grade <1. |
| Other Grade 3/4 non-haematological toxicities | Interrupt Rydapt until toxicities considered at least possibly related to Rydapt have resolved to Grade <2, then resume Rydapt. | |
| QTc interval >470 msecs and <500 msecs | Decrease Rydapt to 50 mg once daily for the remainder of the cycle. Resume Rydapt at the initial dose in the next cycle provided that QTc interval improves to <470 msecs at the start of that cycle. Otherwise continue Rydapt 50 mg once daily. | |
| QTc interval >500 msecs | Withhold or interrupt Rydapt for the remainder of the cycle. If QTc improves to <470 msecs just prior to the next cycle, resume Rydapt at the initial dose. If QTc interval is not improved in time to start the next cycle do not administer Rydapt during that cycle. Rydapt may be held for as many cycles as necessary until QTc improves. | |
| Maintenance only | Grade 4 neutropenia (ANC <0.5 × 109/l) | Interrupt Rydapt until ANC >1.0 × 109/l, then resume at 50 mg twice daily. If neutropenia (ANC <1.0 × 109/l) persists >2 weeks and is suspected to be related to Rydapt, discontinue Rydapt. |
| Persistent Grade 1/2 toxicity | Persistent Grade 1 or 2 toxicity that patients deem unacceptable may prompt an interruption for as many as 28 days. | |
| ANC: Absolute N | eutrophil Count | |
ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
The recommended starting dose of Rydapt is 100 mg orally twice daily.
Treatment should be continued as long as clinical benefit is observed or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.
Dose modifications in ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
Recommendations for dose modifications of Rydapt in patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL are provided in Table 2.
Table 2 Rydapt dose interruption, reduction and discontinuation
recommendations in patients with ASM, SM-AHN or MCL
| Criteria | Rydapt dosing |
| ANC <1.0 × 109/1 attributed to Rydapt in patients without MCL, or ANC less than 0.5 × 109/1 attributed to Rydapt in patients with baseline ANC value of 0.5–1.5 × 109/1 | Interrupt Rydapt until ANC >1.0 × 109/1, then resume at 50 mg twice daily and, if tolerated, increase to 100 mg twice daily. Discontinue Rydapt if low ANC persists for >21 days and is suspected to be related to Rydapt. |
| Platelet count less than 50 × 109/1 attributed to Rydapt in patients without MCL, or platelet count less than 25 × 109/l attributed to Rydapt in patients with baseline platelet count of 25–75 × 109/l | Interrupt Rydapt until platelet count greater than or equal to 50 × 109/l, then resume Rydapt at 50 mg twice daily and, if tolerated, increase to 100 mg twice daily. Discontinue Rydapt if low platelet count persists for >21 days and is suspected to be related to Rydapt. |
| Haemoglobin less than 8 g/dl attributed to Rydapt in patients without MCL, or life-threatening anaemia attributed to Rydapt in patients with baseline haemoglobin value of 8–10 g/dl | Interrupt Rydapt until haemoglobin greater than or equal to 8 g/dl, then resume Rydapt at 50 mg twice daily and, if tolerated, increase to 100 mg twice daily. Discontinue Rydapt if low haemoglobin persists for >21 days and is suspected to be related to Rydapt. |
| Grade 3/4 nausea and/or vomiting despite optimal anti-emetic therapy | Interrupt Rydapt for 3 days (6 doses), then resume at 50 mg twice daily and, if tolerated, gradually increase to 100 mg twice daily. |
| Other Grade 3/4 non-haematological toxicities | Interrupt Rydapt until event has resolved to Grade <2, then resume Rydapt at 50 mg twice daily and, if tolerated, increase to 100 mg twice daily. Discontinue Rydapt if toxicity is not resolved to Grade <2 within 21 days or severe toxicity recurs at a reduced dose of Rydapt. |
| ANC: Absolute Neutrophil Count CTCAE severity: Grade 1 = mild symptoms; 2 4 = life-threatening symptoms. | = moderate symptoms; 3 = severe symptoms; |
Missed doses
If a dose is missed, the patient should take the next dose at the scheduled time.
If vomiting occurs, the patient should not take an additional dose of Rydapt, but should take the next scheduled dose.
Special populations
Elderly (>65 years)
No dose adjustment is required in patients aged over 65 years (see section 5.2). There is limited experience with midostaurin in AML patients aged 60–70 years and no experience in AML patients above 70 years. In patients aged >60 years, Rydapt should be used only in patients eligible to receive intensive induction chemotherapy with adequate performance status and without significant comorbidities.
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. Clinical experience in patients with severe renal impairment is limited and no data are available in patients with end-stage renal disease (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh A or B) hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). No study has been completed in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Rydapt has not been studied in patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia and therefore its use is not recommended in this patient population.
Paediatric population
Rydapt should not be used in combination with intensive paediatric AML combination chemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines, fludarabine and cytarabine because of the risk of prolonged haematological recovery (such as prolonged severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).
Method of administration
Rydapt is for oral use.
The capsules should be swallowed whole with a glass of water. They should not be opened, crushed or chewed to ensure proper dosing and avoid the unpleasant taste of the capsule content.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Concomitant administration of potent CYP3A4 inducers, e.g. rifampicin, St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), carbamazepine, enzalutamide, phenytoin (see section 4.5).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Neutropenia and infections
Neutropenia has occurred in patients receiving Rydapt as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy (see section 4.8). Severe neutropenia (ANC <0.5 × 109/l) was generally reversible by withholding Rydapt until recovery and discontinuation in the ASM, SM-AHN and MCL studies. White blood cell counts (WBCs) should be monitored regularly, especially at treatment initiation.
In patients who develop unexplained severe neutropenia, treatment with Rydapt should be interrupted until ANC is >1.0 × 109/1, as recommended in Tables 1 and 2. Rydapt should be discontinued in patients who develop recurrent or prolonged severe neutropenia that is suspected to be related to Rydapt (see section 4.2).
Any active serious infection should be under control prior to starting treatment with Rydapt monotherapy. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of infection, including any device-related infections, and if a diagnosis of infection is made appropriate treatment must be instituted promptly, including, as needed, the discontinuation of Rydapt.
Cardiac dysfunction
Patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure were excluded from clinical studies. In the ASM, SM-AHN and MCL studies cardiac dysfunction such as congestive heart failure (CHF) (including some fatalities) and transient decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) occurred. In the randomised AML study no difference in CHF was observed between the Rydapt + chemotherapy and placebo + chemotherapy arms. In patients at risk, Rydapt should be used with caution and the patient closely monitored by assessing LVEF when clinically indicated (at baseline and during treatment).
An increased frequency of QTc prolongation was noted in midostaurin-treated patients (see section 4.8), however, a mechanistic explanation for this observation was not found. Caution is warranted in patients at risk of QTc prolongation (e.g. due to concomitant medicinal products and/or electrolyte disturbances). Interval assessments of QT by ECG should be considered if Rydapt is taken concurrently with medicinal products that can prolong QT interval.
Pulmonary toxicity
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pneumonitis, in some cases fatal, have occurred in patients treated with Rydapt monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy. Patients should be monitored for pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD or pneumonitis and Rydapt discontinued in patients who experience pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD or pneumonitis without an infectious aetiology that are >Grade 3 (NCI CTCAE).
Embryofoetal toxicity and breast-feeding
Pregnant women should be informed of the potential risk to a foetus; females of reproductive potential should be advised to have a pregnancy test within 7 days prior to starting treatment with Rydapt and to use effective contraception during treatment with Rydapt and for at least 4 months after stopping treatment.
Women using hormonal contraceptives should add a barrier method of contraception.
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-feeding infants from Rydapt, women should discontinue breast-feeding during treatment with Rydapt and for at least 4 months after stopping treatment (see section 4.6).
Paediatric patients
Rydapt should not be used in combination with intensive paediatric AML combination chemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines, fludarabine and cytarabine because of the risk of prolonged haematological recovery (such as prolonged severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) (see sections 4.2 and 5.1).
Severe hepatic impairment
Caution is warranted when considering the administration of midostaurin in patients with severe hepatic impairment and patients should be carefully monitored for toxicity (see section 5.2).
Severe renal impairment
Caution is warranted when considering the administration of midostaurin in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease and patients should be carefully monitored for toxicity (see section 5.2).
Interactions
Caution is required when concomitantly prescribing with midostaurin medicinal products that are strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as, but not limited to, antifungals (e.g. ketoconazole), certain antivirals (e.g. ritonavir), macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) and nefazodone because they can increase the plasma concentrations of midostaurin especially when (re-)starting with midostaurin treatment (see section 4.5). Alternative medicinal products that do not strongly inhibit CYP3A4 activity should be considered. In situations where satisfactory therapeutic alternatives do not exist, patients should be closely monitored for midostaurin-related toxicity.
Excipients
This medicinal product contains macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate, which may cause stomach discomfort and diarrhoea.
This medicinal product contains 666 mg of alcohol (ethanol) in each 200 mg dose (maximum daily dose), which is equivalent to 14 vol. % ethanol anhydrous. The amount in a 200 mg dose of this medicine is equivalent to 16.9 ml beer or 7.0 ml wine. The small amount of alcohol in this medicine will not have any noticeable effects. Alcohol may be harmful in patients with alcohol-related problems, epilepsy or liver problems or during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Midostaurin undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism mainly through CYP3A4 enzymes which are either induced or inhibited by a number of concomitant medicinal products.
Effect of other medicinal products on Rydapt
Medicinal products or substances known to affect the activity of CYP3A4 may affect the plasma concentrations of midostaurin and therefore the safety and/or efficacy of Rydapt.
Strong CYP3A4 inducers
Concomitant use of Rydapt with strong inducers of CYP3A4 (e.g. carbamazepine, rifampicin, enzalutamide, phenytoin, St. John’s Wort [Hypericum perforatum]) is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Strong CYP3A4 inducers decrease exposure of midostaurin and its active metabolites (CGP52421 and CGP62221). In a study in healthy subjects, co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin (600 mg daily) to steady state with a 50 mg single dose of midostaurin decreased midostaurin Cmax by 73% and AUCinf by 96% on average, respectively. CGP62221 exhibited a similar pattern. The mean AUClast of CGP52421 decreased by 60%.
Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase midostaurin blood concentrations. In a study with 36 healthy subjects, co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole to steady state with a single dose of 50 mg midostaurin led to a significant increase in midostaurin exposure (1.8-fold Cmax increase and 10-fold AUCinf increase) and 3.5-fold increase in AUCinf of CGP62221, while the Cmax of the active metabolites (CGP62221 and CGP52421) decreased by half (see section 5.2). At steady state of midostaurin (50 mg twice daily for 21 days), with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole at steady state in a subset of patients (N=7), midostaurin steady-state exposure (Cmin) was increased by 2.09-fold. Cmin of CGP52421 was increased by 1.3-fold, whereas no significant effect in exposure of CGP62221 was observed (see section 4.4).
Effect of Rydapt on other medicinal products
Midostaurin is not an inhibitor of CYP3A4 in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of midazolam (sensitive CYP3A4 probe) were not affected following three days’ dosing of midostaurin in healthy subjects.
Based on in vitro data, midostaurin and/or its metabolites have the potential to inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 enzymes.
Based on in vitro data, midostaurin and/or its metabolites have the potential to induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 enzymes.
Midostaurin inhibited OATP1B1, BCRP and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro (see section 5.2). The combination of data on in vivo midostaurin auto-induction upon repeated dosing and increase in plasma 4P-OH cholesterol levels suggest that midostaurin may be at least a moderate CYP3A4 inducer in vivo.
In vivo studies have not been conducted for the investigation of induction and inhibition of enzymes and transporters by midostaurin and the active metabolites. Medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic range that are substrates of CYP1A2 (e.g. tizanidine), CYP2D6 (e.g. codeine), CYP2C8 (e.g. paclitaxel), CYP2C9 (e.g. warfarin), CYP2C19 (e.g. omeprazole), CYP2E1 (e.g. chlorzoxazone), CYP3A4/5 (e.g. tacrolimus), CYP2B6 (e.g. efavirenz), P-gp (e.g. paclitaxel), BCRP (e.g. atorvastatin) or OATP1B1 (e.g. digoxin) should be used with caution when administered concomitantly with midostaurin and may need dose adjustment to maintain optimal exposure (see section 5.2).
It is currently unknown whether midostaurin may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, and therefore women using hormonal contraceptives should add a barrier method of contraception (see section 4.6).
Food interactions
In healthy subjects, midostaurin absorption (AUC) was increased by an average of 22% when Rydapt was co-administered with a standard meal and by an average of 59% when co-administered with a high-fat meal. Peak midostaurin concentration (Cmax) was reduced by 20% with a standard meal and by 27% with a high-fat meal versus on an empty stomach (see section 5.2).
Rydapt is recommended to be administered with food.
| 4.6 | Fertility, pregnancy and lactation |
| Women of childbearing potential Women of childbearing potential should be informed that animal studies show midostaurin to be harmful to the developing foetus. Sexually active women of childbearing potential are advised to have a pregnancy test within 7 days prior to starting treatment with Rydapt and that they should use effective contraception (methods that result in less than 1% pregnancy rates) when using Rydapt and for at least 4 months after stopping treatment with Rydapt. It is currently unknown whether |
midostaurin may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, and therefore women using hormonal contraceptives should add a barrier method of contraception.
Pregnancy
Midostaurin can cause foetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Reproductive studies in rats and rabbits demonstrated that midostaurin induced foetotoxicity (see section 5.3). Rydapt is not recommended during pregnancy or in women of childbearing potential not using contraception. Pregnant women should be advised of the potential risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether midostaurin or its active metabolites are excreted in human milk. Available animal data have shown that midostaurin and its active metabolites pass into the milk of lactating rats. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with Rydapt and for at least 4 months after stopping treatment.
Fertility
There are no data on the effect of Rydapt on human fertility. Animal studies with midostaurin have shown impaired fertility (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Rydapt has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Dizziness and vertigo have been reported in patients taking Rydapt and should be considered when assessing a patient’s ability to drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
AML
The safety evaluation of Rydapt (50 mg twice daily) in patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML is based on a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 717 patients. The overall median duration of exposure was 42 days (range 2 to 576 days) for patients in the
Rydapt plus standard chemotherapy arm versus 34 days (range 1 to 465 days) for patients in the placebo plus standard chemotherapy arm. For the 205 patients (120 in Rydapt arm and 85 in placebo arm) who entered the maintenance phase, the median duration of exposure in maintenance was 11 months for both arms (16 to 520 days for patients in the Rydapt arm and 22 to 381 days in the placebo arm).
The most frequent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the Rydapt arm were febrile neutropenia (83.4%), nausea (83.4%), exfoliative dermatitis (61.6%), vomiting (60.7%), headache (45.9%), petechiae (35.8%) and pyrexia (34.5%). The most frequent Grade 3/4 ADRs were febrile neutropenia (83.5%), lymphopenia (20.0%), device-related infection (15.7%), exfoliative dermatitis (13.6%), hyperglycaemia (7.0%) and nausea (5.8%). The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were haemoglobin decreased (97.3%), ANC decreased (86.7%), ALT increased (84.2%), AST increased (73.9%) and hypokalaemia (61.7%). The most frequent Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities were ANC decreased (85.8%), haemoglobin decreased (78.5%), ALT increased (19.4%) and hypokalaemia (13.9%).
Serious ADRs occurred at similar rates in patients in the Rydapt versus the placebo arm. The most frequent serious ADR in both arms was febrile neutropenia (16%).
Discontinuation due to any adverse reaction occurred in 3.1% of patients in the Rydapt arm versus 1.3% in the placebo arm. The most frequent Grade 3/4 adverse reaction leading to discontinuation in the Rydapt arm was exfoliative dermatitis (1.2%).
Safety profile during maintenance phase
While Table 3 provides the incidence for ADRs over the total duration of the study, when the maintenance phase (single agent Rydapt or placebo) was assessed separately, a difference in the type and severity of ADRs was observed. The overall incidence of ADRs during the maintenance phase was generally lower than during the induction and consolidation phase. Incidences of ADRs were, however, higher in the Rydapt arm than in the placebo arm during the maintenance phase. ADRs occurring more often in the midostaurin arm versus placebo during maintenance included: nausea (46.4% versus 17.9%), hyperglycaemia (20.2% versus 12.5%), vomiting (19% versus 5.4%) and QT prolongation (11.9% versus 5.4%).
Most of the haematological abnormalities reported occurred during the induction and consolidation phase when the patients received Rydapt or placebo in combination with chemotherapy. The most frequent Grade 3/4 haematological abnormalities reported in patients during the maintenance phase with Rydapt were ANC decrease (20.8% versus 18.8%) and leukopenia (7.5% versus 5.9%).
ADRs reported during the maintenance phase led to discontinuation of 1.2% of patients in the Rydapt arm and none in the placebo arm.
ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
The safety of Rydapt (100 mg twice daily) as a single agent in patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL was evaluated in 142 patients in two single-arm, open-label, multicentre studies. The median duration of exposure to Rydapt was 11.4 months (range: 0 to 81 months).
The most frequent ADRs were nausea (82%), vomiting (68%), diarrhoea (51%), peripheral oedema (35%) and fatigue (31%). The most frequent Grade 3/4 ADRs were fatigue (8.5%), sepsis (7.7%), pneumonia (7%), febrile neutropenia (7%), and diarrhoea (6.3%). The most frequent non-haematological laboratory abnormalities were hyperglycaemia (93.7%), total bilirubin increased (40.1%), lipase increased (39.4%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (33.8%), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (33.1%), while the most frequent haematological laboratory abnormalities were absolute lymphocyte count decreased (73.2%) and ANC decreased (58.5%). The most frequent Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities were absolute lymphocyte count decreased (45.8%), ANC decreased (26.8%), hyperglycaemia (19%), and lipase increased (17.6%).
Dose modifications (interruption or adjustment) due to ADRs occurred in 31% of patients. The most frequent ADRs that led to dose modification (incidence >5%) were nausea and vomiting.
ADRs that led to treatment discontinuation occurred in 9.2% of patients. The most frequent (incidence >1%) were febrile neutropenia, nausea, vomiting and pleural effusion.
Tabulated lists of adverse drug reactions
ADRs are listed according to MedDRA system organ class. Within each system organ class, the ADRs are ranked by frequency, with the most frequent reactions first, using the following convention (CIOMS III): very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness.
AML
Table 3 presents the frequency category of ADRs reported in the phase III study in patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML and during post-marketing experience.
Table 3 Adverse drug reactions observed in AML
| Adverse drug reaction | All grades | Grades 3/4 | Frequency category |
| Rydapt + chemo n=2291 % | Rydapt + chemo n=3451 % | ||
| Infections and infestations Device-related infection | 24 | 15.7 | Very common |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 5.2 | 0.6 | Common |
| Neutropenic sepsis | 0.9 | 3.5 | Uncommon |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | |||
| Febrile neutropenia | 83.4 | 83.5 | Very common |
| Petechiae | 35.8 | 1.2 | Very common |
| Lymphopenia | 16.6 | 20 | Very common |
| Immune system disorders Hypersensitivity | 15.7 | 0.6 | Very common |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | |||
| Hyperuricaemia | 8.3 | 0.6 | Common |
| Psychiatric disorders Insomnia | 12.2 | 0 | Very common |
| Nervous system disorders Headache | 45.9 | 2.6 | Very common |
| Syncope | 5.2 | 4.6 | Common |
| Tremor | 3.9 | 0 | Common |
| Eye disorders Eyelid oedema | 3.1 | 0 | Common |
| Cardiac disorders Hypotension | 14.4 | 5.5 | Very common |
| Sinus tachycardia | 9.6 | 1.2 | Common |
| Hypertension | 7.9 | 2.3 | Common |
| Pericardial effusion | 3.5 | 0.6 | Common |
| Respiratory, thoracic and medias | tinal disorders | ||
| Epistaxis | 27.5 | 2.6 | Very common |
| Laryngeal pain | 11.8 | 0.6 | Very common |
| Interstitial lung disease/Pneumonitis2 | 11.4 | 4.9 | Very common |
| Dyspnoea | 10.9 | 5.5 | Very common |
| Pleural effusion | 5.7 | 0.9 | Common |
| Nasopharyngitis | 8.7 | 0 | Common |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2.2 | 2.3 | Common |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |||
| Nausea | 83.4 | 5.8 | Very common |
| Vomiting | 60.7 | 2.9 | Very common |
| Stomatitis | 21.8 | 3.5 | Very common |
| Abdominal pain upper | 16.6 | 0 | Very common |
| Haemorrhoids | 15.3 | 1.4 | Very common |
| Anorectal discomfort | 7 | 0.9 | Common |
| Abdominal discomfort | 3.5 | 0 | Common |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | |||
| Dermatitis exfoliative | 61.6 | 13.6 | Very common |
| Hyperhidrosis | 14.4 | 0 | Very common |
| Dry skin | 7 | 0 | Common |
| Keratitis | 6.6 | 0.3 | Common |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | |||
| Back pain | 21.8 | 1.4 | Very common |
| Arthralgia | 14 | 0.3 | Very common |
| Bone pain | 9.6 | 1.4 | Common |
| Pain in extremity | 9.6 | 1.4 | Common |
| Neck pain | 7.9 | 0.6 | Common |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | |||
| Pyrexia | 34.5 | 3.2 | Very common |
| Catheter-related thrombosis | 3.5 | 2 | Common |
| Investigations | |||
| Haemoglobin decreased* | 97.3 | 78.5 | Very common |
| ANC decreased* | 86.7 | 85.8 | Very common |
| ALT increased* | 84.2 | 19.4 | Very common |
| AST increased* | 73.9 | 6.4 | Very common |
| Hypokalaemia* | 61.7 | 13.9 | Very common |
| Hyperglycaemia | 20.1 | 7 | Very common |
| Hypernatraemia* | 20 | 1.2 | Very common |
| Electrocardiogram QT prolonged3 | 19.7 | 5.8 | Very common |
| Activated partial thromboplastin | 12.7 | 2.6 | Very common |
| time prolonged | |||
| Hypercalcaemia* | 6.7 | 0.6 | Common |
| Weight increased | 6.6 | 0.6 | Common |
| 1For trial sites in North America, all | grades were co | lected for 13 pre-specified | |
| adverse events. For all other adverse events, only grades 3 and 4 were collected. | |||
| Therefore all grade AEs are summarised only for patients in non-North American trial | |||
| sites, whereas Grades 3 and 4 are summarised for patients in all trial sites. | |||
| 2This ADR was included after identification in the post-marketing setting. Interstitial | |||
| lung disease has been derived from post-marketing experience with Rydapt via | |||
| spontaneous case reports and literature cases. No cases of interstitial lung disease | |||
| were reported in the phase III study | . | ||
| 3This ADR was included after identification in the post-marketing setting. | |||
| * Frequency is based on laboratory values. | |||
ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
Table 4 presents the frequency category of ADRs based on pooled data from two studies in patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL.
Table 4 Adverse drug reactions observed in ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
| Adverse drug reaction | Rydapt (100 mg twice daily) N=142 | Frequency category | |
| All grades % | Grades 3/4 % | ||
| Infections and infestations Urinary tract infection | 13 | 2.8 | Very common |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 11 | 1.4 | Very common |
| Pneumonia | 8.5 | 7.0 | Common |
| Sepsis | 7.7 | 7.7 | Common |
| Bronchitis | 5.6 | 0 | Common |
| Oral herpes | 4.9 | 0 | Common |
| Cystitis | 4.2 | 0 | Common |
| Sinusitis | 4.2 | 0.7 | Common |
| Erysipelas | 3.5 | 1.4 | Common |
| Herpes zoster | 3.5 | 0.7 | Common |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Common | ||
| Febrile neutropenia | 7.7 | 7.0 | |
| Immune system disorders Hypersensitivity | 2.1 | 0 | Common |
| Anaphylactic shock | 0.7 | 0.7 | Uncommon |
| Nervous system disorders Headache | 26 | 1.4 | Very common |
| Dizziness | 13 | 0 | Very common |
| Disturbance in attention | 7 | 0 | Common |
| Tremor | 6.3 | 0 | Common |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders Vertigo | 4.9 | 0 | Common |
| Vascular disorders Hypotension | 9.2 | 2.1 | Common |
| Haematoma | 6.3 | 0.7 | Common |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | |||
| Dyspnoea | 18 | 5.6 | Very common |
| Cough | 16 | 0.7 | Very common |
| Pleural effusion | 13 | 4.2 | Very common |
| Epistaxis | 12 | 2.8 | Very common |
| Oropharyngeal pain | 4.2 | 0 | Common |
| Interstitial lung disease/Pneumonitis1 | 2.1 | 0 | Common |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |||
| Nausea | 82 | 5.6 | Very common |
| Vomiting | 68 | 5.6 | Very common |
| Diarrhoea | 51 | 6.3 | Very common |
| Constipation | 29 | 0.7 | Very common |
| Dyspepsia | 5.6 | 0 | Common |
| Gastrointestinal | 4.2 | 3.5 | Common |
| haemorrhage | |||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | |||
| Oedema peripheral | 35 | 3.5 | Very common |
| Fatigue | 31 | 8.5 | Very common |
| Pyrexia | 27 | 4.2 | Very common |
| Asthenia | 4.9 | 0.7 | Common |
| Chills | 4.9 | 0 | Common |
| Oedema | 4.2 | 0.7 | Common |
| Investigations | |||
| Hyperglycaemia (non- | 93.7 | 19.0 | Very common |
| fasting) | |||
| Absolute lymphocyte | 73.2 | 45.8 | Very common |
| decreased | |||
| ANC decreased* | 58.5 | 26.8 | Very common |
| Total bilirubin increased* | 40.1 | 4.9 | Very common |
| Lipase increased* | 39.4 | 17.6 | Very common |
| AST increased* | 33.8 | 2.8 | Very common |
| ALT increased* | 33.1 | 3.5 | Very common |
| Amylase increased* | 20.4 | 7.0 | Very common |
| Electrocardiogram QT | 10.6 | 0.7 | Very common |
| prolonged1 | |||
| Weight increased | 5.6 | 2.8 | Common |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | |||
| Contusion | 6.3 | 0 | Common |
| Fall | 4.2 | 0.7 | Common |
| * Frequency is based on laboratory values. | |||
| 1These ADRs were included after identification in the post-marketing setting. | |||
Description of selected adverse drug reactions
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in AML, ASM, SM-AHN and MCL patients. In ASM, SM-AHN and MCL patients these events led to dose adjustment or interruption in 26% and to discontinuation in 4.2% of the patients. Most of the events occurred within the first 6 months of treatment and were managed with supportive prophylactic medicinal products.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any
suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.
4.9 Overdose
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01XE39
Mechanism of action
Midostaurin inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including FLT3 and KIT kinase. Midostaurin inhibits FLT3 receptor signalling and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in leukaemic cells expressing FLT3 ITD or TKD mutant receptors or over-expressing FLT3 wild type receptors. In vitro data indicate that midostaurin inhibits D816V mutant KIT receptors at exposure levels achieved in patients (average achieved exposure higher than IC50). In vitro data indicate that KIT wild type receptors are inhibited to a much lesser extent at these concentrations (average achieved exposure lower than IC50). Midostaurin interferes with aberrant KIT D816V-mediated signalling and inhibits mast cell proliferation, survival and histamine release.
In addition, midostaurin inhibits several other receptor tyrosine kinases such as PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) or VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2), as well as members of the serine/threonine kinase family PKC (protein kinase C). Midostaurin binds to the catalytic domain of these kinases and inhibits the mitogenic signalling of the respective growth factors in cells, resulting in growth arrest.
Midostaurin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (cytarabine, doxorubicin, idarubicin and daunorubicin) resulted in synergistic growth inhibition in FLT3-ITD expressing AML cell lines.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Two major metabolites have been identified in murine models and humans, i.e. CGP62221 and CGP52421. In proliferation assays with FLT3-ITD expressing cells, CGP62221 showed similar potency compared to the parent compound, however CGP52421 was approximately 10-fold less potent.
Cardiac electrophysiology
A dedicated QT study in 192 healthy subjects with a dose of 75 mg twice daily did not reveal clinically significant prolongation of QT by midostaurin and CGP62221 but the study duration was not long enough to estimate the QTc prolongation effects of the long-acting metabolite CGP52421. Therefore, the change from baseline in QTcF with the concentration of midostaurin and both metabolites was further explored in a phase II study in 116 patients with ASM, SM-AHN or MCL. At the median peak Cmin concentrations attained at a dose of 100 mg twice daily, neither midostaurin, CGP62221 nor CGP52421 showed a potential to cause clinically significant QTcF prolongation, since the upper bounds of predicted change at these concentration levels were less than 10 msecs (5.8, 2.4, and 4.0 msecs, respectively). In the ASM, SM-AHN and MCL population, 25.4% of patients had at least one ECG measurement with a QTcF greater than 450 ms and 4.7% greater than 480 ms.
Clinical efficacy
AML
The efficacy and safety of midostaurin in combination with standard chemotherapy versus placebo plus standard chemotherapy and as single agent maintenance therapy was investigated in 717 patients (18 to 60 years of age) in a randomised, double-blind, phase III study. Patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML as determined by a clinical study assay were randomised (1:1) to receive midostaurin 50 mg twice daily (n=360) or placebo (n=357) sequentially in combination with standard daunorubicin (60 mg/m2 daily on days 1–3) / cytarabine (200 mg/m2 daily on days 1–7) induction and high-dose cytarabine (3 g/m2 every 12 hours on days 1, 3, 5) consolidation, followed by continuous midostaurin or placebo treatment according to initial assignment for up to 12 additional cycles (28 days/cycle). While the study included patients with various AML-related cytogenetic abnormalities, patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (M3) or therapy-related AML were excluded. Patients were stratified by FLT3 mutation status: TKD, ITD with allelic ratio <0.7, and ITD with allelic ratio >0.7.
The two treatment groups were generally balanced with respect to the baseline demographics of disease characteristics. The median age of the patients was 47 years (range: 18 to 60 years), a majority of the patients had ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 (88.3%), and most patients had de novo AML (95%). Of the patients with race information reported, 88.1% were Caucasian. The majority of patients (77.4%) had
Patients at
Month
Midostauri
Placeb
| 0 | 6 | 1 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 48 | 54 | 60 | 66 | 72 | 78 | 84 |
| 360 | 314 | 269 | 234 | 208 | 189 | 181 | 174 | 133 | 120 | 77 | 50 | 22 | 1 | 0 |
| 357 | 284 | 221 | 179 | 163 | 152 | 148 | 141 | 110 | 95 | 71 | 45 | 20 | 1 | 0 |
FLT3-ITD mutations, most of them (47.6%) with a low allelic ratio (<0.7), and 22.6% of patients had FLT3-TKD mutations. Forty-eight per cent were male in the midostaurin arm and 41% in the placebo arm.
Patients who proceeded to haematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) stopped receiving study treatment prior to the start of the SCT conditioning regimen. The overall rate of SCT was 59.4% (214/360) of patients in the midostaurin plus standard chemotherapy arm versus 55.2% (197/357) in the placebo plus standard chemotherapy arm. All patients were followed for survival.
The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS), measured from the date of randomisation until death by any cause. The primary analysis was conducted after a minimum follow-up of approximately 3.5 years after the randomisation of the last patient. The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in OS with a 23% risk reduction of death for midostaurin plus standard chemotherapy over placebo plus standard chemotherapy (see Table 6 and Figure 1).
Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival, non-censored for SCT
The key secondary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS; an EFS event is defined as a failure to obtain a complete remission (CR) within 60 days of initiation of protocol therapy, or relapse, or death from any cause). The EFS showed a statistically significant improvement for midostaurin plus standard chemotherapy over placebo plus standard chemotherapy (HR: 0.78 [95% CI, 0.66 to 0.93] p = 0.0024), and a median EFS of 8.2 months and 3.0 months, respectively; see Table 5.
Table 5
Efficacy of midostaurin in AML
| Efficacy Parameter | Midostaurin n=360 | Placebo n=357 | ___A HR (95% CI) | P-value ¥ |
| Overall Survival (OS)1 | ||||
| Median OS in months (95% CI) | 74.7 (31.5, NE) | 25.6 (18.6, 42.9) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95) | 0.0078 |
| Kaplan-Meier estimates at 5 years (95% CI) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.56) | 0.43 (0.38, 0.49) | ||
| Event Free Survival (EFS)2 | ||||
| Median EFS in months, considering CRs within 60 days of treatment start (95% CI) | 8.2 (5.4, 10.7) | 3.0 (1.9, 5.9) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.0024 |
| Median EFS in months, considering CRs any time during induction (95% CI) | 10.2 (8.1, 13.9) | 5.6 (2.9, 6.7) | 0.73 (0.61, 0.87) | 0.0001 |
| Disease Free Survival (DFS) | ||||
| Median DFS in months (95% CI) | 26.7 (19.4, NE) | 15.5 (11.3, 23.5) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.0051 |
| Complete Remission (CR) | ||||
| within 60 days of treatment start (%) | 212 (58.9) | 191 (53.5) | NE | 0.073§ |
| any time during induction (%) | 234 (65.0) | 207 (58.0) | NE | 0.027§ |
| Cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) | ||||
| Median (95% CI) | NE (25.7, NE) | 17.6 (12.7, 46.3) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.0023 |
| 1primary endpoint; 2key secondary endpoint; NE: Not TT Hazard ratio (HR) estimated using Cox regression mo FLT3 mutation factor. ¥1-sided p-value calculated using log-rank test stratifie mutation factor. §Not significant | Estimated del stratified according to the randomisation d according to the randomisation FLT3 | |||
There was a trend favouring midostaurin for CR rate by day 60 for the midostaurin arm (58.9% versus 53.5%; p = 0.073) that continued when considering all CRs during induction (65.0% versus 58.0%; p = 0.027). In addition, in patients who achieved complete remission during induction, the cumulative incidence of relapse at 12 months was 26% in the midostaurin arm versus 41% in the placebo arm.
Sensitivity analyses for both OS and EFS when censored at the time of SCT also supported the clinical benefit with midostaurin plus standard chemotherapy over placebo.
Results for OS by SCT status are shown in Figure 2. For EFS, considering complete remissions within 60 days of study treatment start, the HR was 0.602 (95% CI: 0.372, 0.974) for patients with SCT and 0.827 (95% CI: 0.689,
0.993) for patients without SCT, favouring midostaurin.
Figure 2 Kaplan Meier curve for overall survival by SCT status in AML
In a subgroup analysis, no apparent OS benefit was observed in females, however, a treatment benefit was observed in females in all secondary efficacy endpoints (see Table 6).
Overview of OS, EFS, CR, DFS and CIR by gender
Table 6 in AML
| Endpoint | Overall 95% CI | Males 95% CI | Females 95% CI |
| OS (HR) | 0.774 (0.629, 0.953) | 0.533 (0.392, 0.725) | 1.007 (0.757, 1.338) |
| EFS (CR induction) (HR) | 0.728 (0.613, 0.866) | 0.660 (0.506, 0.861) | 0.825 (0.656, 1.037) |
| CR induction (OR) | 0.743 (0.550, 1.005) | 0.675* (0.425, 1.072) | 0.824* (0.552, 1.230) |
| DFS (CR induction) (HR) | 0.663 (0.516, 0.853) | 0.594 (0.408, 0.865) | 0.778 (0.554, 1.093) |
| CIR (CR induction) (HR) | 0.676 (0.515, 0.888) | 0.662 (0.436, 1.006) | 0.742 (0.516, 1.069) |
| *Odds ratio calculated as (No complete remission in treatment/Complete remission in treatment) / (No complete remission in placebo/complete remission in placebo) HR= Hazard ratio; OR=odds ratio | |||
Efficacy and safety in patients 60–70 years old were evaluated in a phase II,
single- arm, investigator- initiated study of midostaurin in combination with intensive induction, consolidation including allogenic SCT and single-agent maintenance in patients with FLT3-ITD mutated AML. Based on an interim analysis, the EFS rate at 2 years (primary endpoint) was 27.1% (95% CI: 16.6, 44.1) and the median OS was 15.5 months in patients older than 60 years of age (46 out of 145 patients).
ASM, SM-AHN and MCL
The efficacy of midostaurin in patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL, collectively referred to as advanced systemic mastocytosis (SM), was evaluated in two open-label, single-arm, multicentre studies (142 patients in total).
The pivotal study was a multicentre, single-arm phase II study in 116 patients with advanced SM (Study CPKC412D2201). Midostaurin was administered orally at 100 mg twice daily until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Of the 116 patients enrolled, 89 were considered eligible for response assessment and constituted the primary efficacy population. Of these, 73 patients had ASM (57 with an AHN) and 16 patients had MCL (6 with an AHN). The median age in the primary efficacy population was 64 years with approximately half of the patients >65 years. Approximately one third (36%) received prior anti-neoplastic therapy for ASM, SM-AHN or MCL.At baseline in the primary efficacy population, 65% of the patients had >1 measurable C finding (thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia, high total bilirubin, transfusion-dependent anaemia, weight loss, neutropenia, high ALT or high AST). The KIT D816V mutation was detected in 82% of patients.
The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR). Response rates were assessed based on the modified Valent and Cheson criteria and responses were adjudicated by a study steering committee. Secondary endpoints included duration of response, time to response, and overall survival. Responses to midostaurin are shown in Table 7. Activity was observed regardless of number of prior therapies, and presence or absence of an AHN. Confirmed responses were observed in both KIT D816V mutation positive patients (ORR=63%) and KIT D816V wild type or unknown patients (ORR=43.8%). However, the median survival for KIT D816V positive patients was longer, i.e. 33.9 months (95% CI: 20.7, 42), than for KIT D816V wild type or unknown patients, i.e. 10 months (95% CI: 6.9, 17.4). Forty-six percent of patients had a decrease in bone marrow infiltration that exceeded 50% and 58% had a decrease in serum tryptase levels that exceeded 50%. Spleen volume decreased by >10% in 68.9% of patients with at least 1 post-baseline assessment (26.7% of patients had a reduction of >35%, which correlates with a 50% decrease by palpation).
The median time to response was 0.3 months (range: 0.1 to 3.7 months). The median duration of follow-up was 43 months.
Table 7 Efficacy of midostaurin in ASM, SM-AHN and MCL: primary efficacy population
All
SM-AHN
MCL
| N=89 | N=16 | N=57 | N=16 | |
| Primary endpoint Overall response, n | 53 (59.6) | 12 (75.0) | 33 (57.9) | 8 (50.0) |
| (%) (95% CI) | (48.6, 69.8) | (47.6, 92.7) | (44.1, 70.9) | (24.7, 75.3) |
| Major response, n | 40 (44.9) | 10 (62.5) | 23 (40.4) | 7 (43.8) |
| (%) Partial response, n | 13 (14.6) | 2 (12.5) | 10 (17.5) | 1 (6.3) |
| (%) Stable disease, n (%) | 11 (12.4) | 1 (6.3) | 7 (12.3) | 3 (18.8) |
| Progressive disease, n | 10 (11.2) | 1 (6.3) | 6 (10.5) | 3 (18.8) |
| (%) Secondary endpoints Median duration of | 18.6 (9.9, 34.7) | 36.8 (5.5, NE) | 10.7 (7.4, 22.8) | NR (3.6, NE) |
| response, months (95% CI) Median overall | 26.8 (17.6, | 51.1 (28.7, NE) | 20.7 (16.3, | 9.4 (7.5, NE) |
| survival, months (95% CI) Kaplan-Meier | 34.7) 26.1 (14.6, | 34.8 (1.7, 76.2) | 33.9) 19.9 (8.6, 34.5) | 33.7 (12.3, |
| estimates at 5 years | 39.2) | 56.8) |
(95% CI)_________________________________________________________________________
NE: Not Estimated, NR: Not Reached
Patients who received non-study anti-neoplastic therapy were considered as having progressed at the time of the new therapy.
Although the study was designed to be assessed with the modified Valent and Cheson criteria, as a post-hoc exploratory analysis, efficacy was also assessed per the 2013 International Working Group – Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment – European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (IWG-MRT-ECNM) consensus criteria. Response to Rydapt was determined using a computational algorithm applied without any adjudication. Out of 116 patients, 113 had a C-finding as defined by IWG response criteria (excluding ascites as a C-finding). All responses were considered and required a 12-week confirmation (see Table 8).
Table 8 Efficacy of midostaurin in ASM, SM-AHN and MCL per
IWG-MRT-ECNM consensus criteria using an algorithmic approach
| All patients evaluated | ASM | SM-AHN | MCL | Subtype unknown | |
| N=113 | N=15 | N=72 | N=21 | N=5 | |
| Overall response rate, n (%) | 32 (28.3) | 9 (60.0) | 15 (20.8) | 7 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) |
| (95% CI) | (20.2, 37.6) | (32.3, 83.7) | (12.2, 32.0) | (14.6, 57.0) | (0.5, 71.6) |
| Best overall response, n (%) | |||||
| Complete remission | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 1 ( 4.8) | 0 |
| Partial remission | 17 (15.0) | 5 (33.3) | 8 (11.1) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (20.0) |
| Clinical improvement | 14 (12.4) | 4 (26.7) | 7 (9.7) | 3 (14.3) | 0 |
| Duration of response* | |||||
| n/N (%) | 11/32 (34.4) | 4/9 (44.4) | 4/15 (26.7) | 3/7 (42.9) | 0/1 (0.0) |
| median (95% CI) | NE (27.0, NE) | 36.8 (10.3, 36.8) | NE (17.3, NE) | NE (4.1, NE) | NE |
| Overall survival | |||||
| n/N (%) | 65/113 (57.5) | 4/15 (26.7) | 49/72 (68.1) | 12/21 (57.1) | 0/5 (0.0) |
| median (95% CI) | 29.9 (20.3, 42.0) | 51.1 (34.7, NE) | 22.1 (16.8, 32.2) | 22.6 (8.3, NE) | NE |
*Confirmation period for responses: 12 weeks
Analysis excludes ascites as a C-finding.
Patients who received non-study anti-neoplastic therapy were considered as having progressed at the time of the new therapy.
The supportive study was a single-arm, multicentre, open-label phase II study of 26 patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL (CPKC412A2213). Midostaurin was administered orally at 100 mg twice daily in cycles of 28 days. Lack of a major response (MR) or partial response (PR) by the end of the second cycle required discontinuation from the study treatment. Twenty (76.9%) patients had ASM (17 [85%] with AHN) and 6 patients (23.1%) had MCL (2 [33.3%] with AHN). The median age was 64.5 years with half of the patients >65 years). At baseline, 88.5% had >1 C finding and 69.2% had received at least one prior anti-neoplastic regimen.
The primary endpoint was ORR evaluated by the Valent criteria during the first two cycles of treatment. Nineteen patients (73.1%; 95% CI = [52.2, 88.4]) achieved a response during the first two cycles of treatment (13 MR; 6 PR). The median duration of follow-up was 73 months, and the median duration of response has not been reached. Median overall survival was 40.0 months (patients were only followed up for one year after treatment discontinuation for survival).
Paediatric population
In a phase II study, midostaurin was investigated in combination with chemotherapy in newly diagnosed paediatric patients with FLT3-mutated AML. Among the three FLT3-mutated AML patients enrolled in the study, two patients (10 and 14 years old) experienced dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) following the second induction cycle with midostaurin (at 30 mg/m2 twice daily) in combination with chemotherapy (containing cytarabine 2 g/m2/day, day 1–5; fludarabine 30 mg/m2/day, day 1–5 and idarubicin 12 mg/m2/day, day 2, 4 and 6). Both patients showed markedly delayed haematological recoveries (i.e. prolonged grade 4 thrombocytopenia lasting for 44 days in the first patient and 51 days in the second patient and grade 4 neutropenia lasting for 46 days in the second patient). In the first induction cycle both patients received midostaurin in combination with cytarabine, etoposide and idarubicin.
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Rydapt in all subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of malignant mastocytosis and mast cell leukaemia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Rydapt in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Midostaurin is a compound with good absorption and poor solubility. Two of its metabolites demonstrated pharmacological activities (CGP52421 and CGP62221). Following multiple doses, the pharmacokinetics of midostaurin and CGP62221 were time-dependent, with an initial increase observed in the first week followed by a decline of concentrations until reaching steady state on day 28. CGP52421 concentrations do not appear to decline as significantly as for midostaurin and CGP62221.
Absorption
The absolute bioavailability of midostaurin following oral administration is not known.
In humans, the absorption of midostaurin was rapid after oral administration, with Tmax of total radioactivity observed at 1–3 hours post dose. The population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the absorption in patients was less than dose proportional at doses >50 mg twice daily.
In healthy subjects, after administration of a single dose of 50 mg midostaurin with food, AUC of midostaurin was increased to 20800 ng*h/ml and Cmax was decreased to 963 ng/ml (see section 4.5). Similarly, for CGP52421 and CGP62221 AUC increased to 19000 and 29200 ng*h/ml and Cmax decreased to 172 and 455 ng/ml, respectively. Time to peak concentration was also delayed in the presence of a high-fat meal. Tmax was delayed for all entities, midostaurin median Tmax was 3 h, and for CGP52421 and CGP62221 Tmax was delayed to 6 and 7 hours respectively.
In clinical studies, the efficacy and safety of Rydapt were investigated following administration with a light meal. After oral administration of a single 100 mg dose of midostaurin under fed conditions in ASM, SM-AHN and MCL patients, AUCinf, Cmax and Tmax were 49600 ng*h/ml, 2940 ng/ml and 3 h, respectively, for midostaurin. For
CGP52421, AUC0–12h and Cmax were 2770 ng*h/ml and 299 ng/ml, respectively. AUC0–12h and Cmax for CGP62221 were 8700 ng*h/ml and 931 ng/ml, respectively. After 100 mg bid multiple oral doses of midostaurin the Cmin,ss plasma midostaurin in AML and ASM, SM-AHN, MCL patients were 919 and 1060 ng/ml, respectively. The CGP62221 Cmin, ss in the AML and the ASM, SM-AHN, MCL population were 1610 ng/ml and 2020 ng/ml, respectively. The CGP52421, Cmin,ss in the AML and the ASM, SM-AHN, MCL population were 8630 ng/ml and 2860 ng/ml, respectively.
Distribution
Midostaurin has a tissue distribution of geometric mean of 95.2 l (Vz/F). Midostaurin and its metabolites are distributed mainly in plasma rather than red blood cells. In vitro data showed midostaurin is more than 98% bound to plasma proteins, such as albumin, a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and lipoprotein.
Biotransformation
Midostaurin is metabolised by CYP3A4 mainly via oxidative pathways. The major plasma components included midostaurin and two major active metabolites, CGP62221 (via O-demethylation) and CGP52421 (via hydroxylation), accounting for 27.7±2.7% and 38.0±6.6%, respectively, of the total plasma exposure at 96 hours after a single 50 mg dose of midostaurin.
Elimination
The median terminal half-lives of midostaurin, CGP62221 and CGP52421 in plasma are approximately 20.9, 32.3 and 471 hours. The mean apparent plasma clearance (CL/F) was 2.4–3.1 l/h in healthy subjects. In AML and ASM, SM-AHN and MCL patients, population pharmacokinetic estimates for clearance of midostaurin at steady state were 5.9 l/h and 4.4 l/h, respectively. The Human Mass Balance study results indicated that faecal excretion is the major route of excretion (78% of the dose), and mostly as metabolites (73% of the dose), while unchanged midostaurin accounts for 3% of the dose. Only 4% of the dose is recovered in urine.
Linearity/non-linearity
In general, midostaurin and its metabolites showed no major deviation from dose-proportionality after a single dose in the range of 25 mg to 100 mg. However, there was a less than dose-proportional increase in exposure after multiple doses within the dose range of 50 mg to 225 mg daily.
Following multiple oral doses, midostaurin displayed time-dependent pharmacokinetics with an initial increase in plasma concentrations during the first week (peak Cmin) followed by a decline with time to a steady-state after approximately 28 days (2.5-fold decrease). While the exact mechanism for the declining concentration of midostaurin is unclear, it is likely due to the auto-induction properties of midostaurin and its two active metabolite CGP52421 and CGP62221 on CYP3A4. The pharmacokinetics of the CGP62221 metabolite showed a similar trend. However, CGP52421 concentrations increased up to 2.5-fold for ASM, SM-AHN and MCL and up to 9-fold for AML, compared to midostaurin after one month of treatment.
In vitro evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential
Enzyme drug – drug interactions
Cytochrome P450 inhibition
Based on in vitro data, midostaurin and its active metabolites, CGP52421 and CGP62221, are considered inhibitors and may potentially cause increases in exposure of co-administered medicinal products primarily cleared by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5. In addition, a time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by midostaurin, CGP52421 and CGP62221 was also observed in vitro.
Cytochrome P450 induction
Based on in vitro data, midostaurin and its active metabolites, CGP52421 and CGP62221, are also considered inducers and may cause decreases in exposure of co-administered medicinal products primarily cleared by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 (see section 4.5).
Transporter drug – drug interactions
In vitro experiments demonstrated that midostaurin, CGP52421 and CPG62221 can potentially inhibit P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1 and BSEP.
Special populations
Elderly patients
Based on population pharmacokinetic analyses no significant impact of age on the pharmacokinetics of midostaurin and its two active metabolites was identified for patients aged between 65 and 85 years. In adult patients with ASM, SM-AHN and MCL or AML, no midostaurin dose adjustment is required based on age.
Paediatric patients
Rydapt is not recommended to be used in children and adolescents (see section 4.2). The pharmacokinetics of midostaurin in paediatric patients were explored in a phase I dose escalation monotherapy study with 22 patients (12 aged 0–2 years and 10 aged 10–17 years) with AML or MLL-rearranged ALL using a population pharmacokinetic approach. The pharmacokinetics of midostaurin were less than dose proportional with the doses of 30 mg/m2 and 60 mg/m2 after single and multiple doses. Due to the limited pharmacokinetic data in paediatric patients, no comparison with midostaurin pharmacokinetics in adults can be made.
Gender
Based on population pharmacokinetic model analyses of the effect of gender on clearance of midostaurin and its active metabolites, there was no statistically significant finding and the anticipated changes in exposure (<20%) were not deemed to be clinically relevant. No midostaurin dose adjustment is required based on gender.
Race/ethnicity
There are no differences in the pharmacokinetic profile between Caucasian and Black subjects. Based on a phase I study in healthy Japanese volunteers, pharmacokinetic profiles of midostaurin and its metabolites (CGP62221 and CGP52421) are similar compared to those observed in other pharmacokinetic studies conducted in Caucasians and Blacks. No midostaurin dose adjustment is required based on ethnicity.
Hepatic impairment
A dedicated hepatic impairment study assessed the systemic exposure of midostaurin after oral administration of 50 mg twice daily for 6 days in subjects with baseline mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A or B, respectively) and control subjects with normal hepatic function. The maximum concentration was reached between 2 and 3 hours after administration after single or repeated doses for all groups. On day 1, the AUC0–12 and Cmax were 8130 ng*h/ml and 1206 ng/ml, respectively, for healthy subjects. AUC0–12 was decreased by 39% and 36% in subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, respectively. On day 7, AUCCtrough (exposure under the curve of Ctrough from day 1 to day 7) was 5410 ng*h/ml in healthy subjects and was decreased by 35% and 20% in subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, respectively. AUCtau was decreased by 28% and 20% on day 7, respectively. Finally, the long-term data from patients were analysed using a population pharmacokinetic approach. No impact of hepatic impairment could be identified in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment in the ASM, SM-AHN, MCL and AML populations.
Overall, there was no clinically relevant increase in exposure (AUC) to plasma midostaurin in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with baseline mild or moderate hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of midostaurin have not been assessed in patients with baseline severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) (see section 4.4).
Renal impairment
Renal elimination is a minor route of elimination for midostaurin. No dedicated renal impairment study was conducted for midostaurin. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using data from clinical studies in patients with AML (n=180) and ASM, SM-AHN and MCL (n=141). Out of the 321 patients included, 177 patients showed pre-existing mild (n=113), moderate (n=60) or severe (n=4) renal impairment (15 ml/min < creatinine clearance [CrCL] <90 ml/min). 144 patients showed normal renal function (CrCL >90 ml/min) at baseline. Based on the population pharmacokinetic analyses, midostaurin clearance was not significantly impacted by renal impairment and therefore no dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Capsule content
Macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate
Macrogol
Ethanol anhydrous
Maize oil mono-di-triglycerides
All-rac-alpha-tocopherol
Capsule shell
Gelatin
Glycerol
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Iron oxide yellow (E172)
Iron oxide red (E172)
Purified water
Printing ink
Carmine (E120)
Hypromellose
Propylene glycol
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.
Store in the original container in order to protect from moisture.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
PA/Al/PVC-Al blisters. One blister contains 4 soft capsules.
Packs containing 56 (2 packs of 28) or 112 (4 packs of 28) soft capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
6.6 Special precautions for disposalAny unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited
2nd Floor, The WestWorks Building,
White City Place
195 Wood Lane
London
W12 7FQ
United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PLGB 00101/1130
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
01/01/2021