PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN 250 MG / 5ML SUGAR FREE ORAL SOLUTION BP - summary of medicine characteristics

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin 250 mg/5ml Sugar free Oral Solution BP

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

For Phenoxymethyl­penicillin 250 mg/5ml Sugar free Oral Solution BP

Each 5ml of reconstituted solution contains 250mg of Phenoxymethyl­penicillin as Phenoxymethyl­penicillin Potassium as the active ingredient.

Excipients: Sorbitol (E420) and sunset yellow FCF (E110)

Each 5ml of the 250mg/5ml sugar free oral solution contains 0.795g of sorbitol

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Powder for oral solution.

4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin and phenoxymethyl­penicillin potassium are indicated in the treatment of mild to moderately severe infections associated with micro-organisms whose susceptibility to penicillin is within the range of serum levels attained with the dosage form.

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections (see section 4.4 and 5.1)

Streptococcal infections (without bacteraemia): Mild to moderate infections of the upper respiratory tract (pharyngitis), scarlet fever and mild erysipelas.

Pneumococcal infections: mild to moderately severe infections of the respiratory tract (pneumonia and Otitis media).

Staphylococcal infections sensitive to penicillin: mild infections of the skin and soft tissues.

Fusospirochaetosis (Vincent's gin­givitis and pharyngitis): mild to moderately severe infections of the oropharynx usually respond to therapy with oral penicillin.

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin is also indicated for (see section 5.1):

Prophylactic use: prophylaxis with oral penicillin has proved effective in preventing recurrence of rheumatic fever and/or chorea.

Prophylaxis of Pneumococcal infection (e.g. in asplenia and in patients with sickle cell disease).

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial a­gent.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Dosage

The dosage and frequency of Phenoxymethyl­penicillin depends on the severity and localisation of the infection and expected pathogens.

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin oral solution (Sugar free) should be given in divided doses (4 times a day) and preferable half an hour before food or twohours after food.

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin with meals slightly reduces the absorption of the drug.

The following dosage schedule is applied to Phenoxymethyl­penicilin Oral Solution (Sugar free):

Adults (including the elderly) and children over 12 years: 250 mg or 500 mg every six hours.

Prophylactic use: 250 mg twice daily is recommended for long term prophylaxis of rheumatic fever.

Children:

1–5 years: 125 mg every six hours.

6–12 years: 250mg every six hours.

Infants (up to 1 year): 62.5mg every six hours

Prophylactic use:

Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever/chorea: 250mg twice daily on a continuing basis

Prophylaxis of pneumococcal infection (e.g. in asplenia and in sickle cell disease):

Adults and children over 12 years: 500mg every 12 hours

Children 6–12 years: 250mg every 12 hours

Children below 5 years: 125mg every 12 hours.

Elderly:

The dosage is as for adults. The dosage should be reduced if renal function is markedly impaired.

RENAL IMPAIRMENT: Reduce dose if renal function is markedly impaired.

Hepatic impairement:

Dosage adjustment may be necessary in patients with impaired liver function when they also have renal failure. In this situation the liver may be a major excretion route.

In patients with beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection, it is usual to continue treatment at the full dosage for 10 days, in order to minimise the occurrence of secondary complications such as acute nephritis and rheumatic fever.

For oral administration only.

4.3 Contraindications

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to Penicillin and should be used with caution in patients with known histories of allergy.

Sorbitol (E 420):

Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Penicillin should be used with caution in individuals with histories of significant allergies and/or asthma.

All degrees of hypersensitivity, including fatal anaphylaxis, have been observed with oral penicillin. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of sensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins and other allergens. Enquiries should be made for such a history before therapy is begun. If any allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the usual agents (e.g. adrenaline and other pressor amines, antihistamines and corticosteroids). Oral therapy should not be relied upon for patients with severe illness, or with nausea, vomiting, gastric dilation, achalasia or intestinal hypermotility. Occasionally patients do not absorb therapeutic amounts of orally administered penicillin. Administer with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function, as safe dosage may be lower than the usually recommended.

Streptococcal infections should be treated for a minimum of 10 days, and post therapy cultures should be performed to confirm the eradication of the organisms. Prolonged use of antibiotics may promote the over growth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If super infection occurs, appropriate measures should be taken.

Severe empyema, bacteraemia, pericarditis, meningitis and arthritis should not be treated with Penicillin during the acute phase.

Patients with a past history of rheumatic fever receiving continuous prophylaxis may harbour penicillin-resistant organisms. In these patients, the use of another prophylactic agent should be considered.

Oral penicillin should not be used as adjunctive prophylaxis for genito – urinary instrumentation or surgery, lower intestinal tract surgery, sigmoidoscopy and child birth.

This medicine also contains the colouring agent sunset yellow FCF (E110) which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).

Sorbitol (E420):

Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Guar gum: Reduced absorption of phenoxymethyl­penicillin

Probenicid: Reduced excretion of phenoxymethyl­penicillin by competing with it for renal tubular secretion.

Bacteriostatic antibiotics: Certain bacteriostatic antibiotics such as Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin and Tetracyclines have been reported to antagonise the bacteriocidal activity of penicillins and concomitant use is not recommended.

Aminoglycosides: Neomycin is reported to reduce the absorption of phenoxymethyl­penicillin.

Use of Phenoxymethyl­penicillin while taking methotrexate can cause reduced excretion of methotrexate and thus increasing the risk of toxicity.

Anticoagulants: Penicillins may interfere with anticoagulant control.

Sulfinpyrazone: Excretion of penicillins reduced by sulfinpyrazone.

Typhoid vaccine (oral): Penicillins may inactivate oral typhoid vaccine if ingested concomitantly.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

There are no or a limited amount of data from the use of Phenoxymethyl­penicillin in pregnant women. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Phenoxymethyl­penicillin during pregnancy.

Lactation:

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin metabolites are excreted in human milk to such an extent on breastfed newborns are likely.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

None known.

4.8 Undesirable effects

The most common reactions to oral penicillin are gastrointestinal effects and hypersensitivity reactions. Although hypersensitivity reactions have been reported much less frequently after oral than after parenteral therapy, it should be remembered that all forms of hypersensitivity, including fatal anaphylaxis have been observed with oral penicillin.

The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects:-

Very common (>1/10)

Common (>1/100, <1/10)

Uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100)

Rare (>1/10,000, <1/1000)

Very rare (<1/10,000)

Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Blood and lymphatic disorders:

Very rare: There have been very rare reports of changes in blood counts, including, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leucopenia, eosinophilia and haemolytic anaemia.

Not known: Coagulation disorders (including prolongation of bleeding time and defective platelet function) have also been reported.

Immune disorders:

Common: Allergic reactions may commonly occur and typically manifest as skin reactions (See Skin and subcutaneous disorders).

Rare: Severe allergic reactions causing angioedema, laryngeal oedema and anaphylaxis have been reported rarely.

Unknown: Serum sickness-like reactions are characterised by fever, chills, arthralgia and oedema.

Nervous system disorders:

Unknown: Central nervous system toxicity has been reported (especially with high doses or in severe renal impairment); paraesthesia may occur with prolonged use. Neuropathy (usually associated with high doses of parenteral penicillin).

Gastrointestinal disorders:

Common: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea

Not known: a sore mouth and black hairy tongue (discolouration of tongue).

Hepatobiliary disorders:

Very rare: Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.

Infections and infestations:

Not known: Pseudomembranous colitis

Renal and urinary disorders:

Very rare: Interstitial nephritis

Uncommon:Nephro­pathy (usually associated with high doses of parenteral penicillin)

Skin and subcutaneous disorders

Common: Urticarial, erythematous or mobilliform rash and pruritus

Rare: exfoliative dermatitis.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the yellow card scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

4.9 Overdose

Signs and Symptoms: A large oral overdose of penicillin may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhoea, and rarely, major motor seizures. If other symptoms are present, consider the possibility of an allergic reaction. Hyperkalaemia may result from over dosage, particularly for patients with renal insufficiency.

Treatment: No specific antidote is known. Symptomatic and supportive therapy is recommended. Activated charcoal with a cathartic, such as sorbitol may hasten drug elimination. Penicillin may be removed by haemodialysis.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

ATC code: J01CE02

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin is a beta-lactamase sensitive natural penicillin.

Mechanism of Action:

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin acts through interference with the final stage of synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. The action depends on its ability to bind certain membrane-bound proteins, (penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs) that are located beneath the cell wall.

These proteins are involved in maintaining cell wall structure, in cell wall synthesis and in cell division, and appear to possess transpeptidase and carboxypeptidase activity.

PK/PD relationship

The time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) is considered to be the major determinant of efficacy for phenoxymethyl­penicillin.

Mechanism(s) of Resistance:

Phenoxymethyl­penicillin is inhibited by penicillinase and other beta-lactamases that are produced by certain micro-organisms. The incidence of beta-lactamase producing organisms is increasing.

Mechanisms of resistance

The two main mechanisms of resistance to phenoxymethyl­penicillin are:

Inactivation by bacterial penicillinases and other beta-lactamases

Alteration of PBPs, which reduce the affinity of the antibacterial agent for the target. Impermeability of bacteria or efflux pump mechanisms may cause or contribute to bacterial resistance.

EUCAST clinical MIC breakpoints to separate susceptible (S) pathogens from resistant ® pathogens (version 1.0 22.11.210) are:

The susceptibility of streptococci Groups A, C and G and S. pneumoniae to phenoxymethyl­penicillin is inferred from the susceptibility to benzylpenicillin.

Staphylococci: Most staphylococci are penicillinase-producers. Penicillinase-producing strains are resistant. The benzylpenicillin breakpoint (shown) will mostly, but not unequivocally, separate beta-lactamase producers from non-producers.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: For phenoxymethyl­penicillin, report S. pneumoniae with benzylpenicillin MICs above 0.06 mg/L resistant.

The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. Expert advice should be sought as necessary when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infection is questionable.

Commonly susceptible species

Streptococcus A, C, G

Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphylococcus epidermidis

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption: Rapidly but incompletely adsorbed after oral administration (about 60% of an oral dose is absorbed). Calcium and potassium salts are better adsorbed than the free acid. Absorption appears to be reduced in patients with coeliac disease. Absorption appears to be more rapid in fasting than non-fasting subjects.

Blood concentration: after an oral dose of 125mg, peak serum concentrations of 200 to 700ng/ml are attained in 2 hours. After an oral dose of 500mg, peak serum concentrations reach 3 to 5gg/ml in 30 to 60 minutes.

Half-life: Biological half-life is about 30 minutes, increased to about 4 hours in several renal impairment.

Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the body and enters pleural and ascitic fluids and also in cerebrospinal fluid when the meninges are inflamed; Phenoxymethyl­penicillin crosses the placenta and is secreted in the milk; (protein binding 50 to 80% bound plasma proteins).

Metabolic reactions: It is metabolised in the liver; several metabolites have been identified, including penicilloic acid.

Excretion: Unchanged drug and metabolites are excreted rapidly in urine (20% to 35% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine in 24 hours).

5.3 Preclinical safety data

There are no pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of this SPC.

6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Sodium Benzoate

Sorbitol (E420)

Saccharin Sodium

Orange flavour type sweet permeseal

Sunset Yellow FCF (E110)

Colloidal silicon dioxide

6.2 Incompatibilities

None

6.3 Shelf life

Unopened container: 24 months

Reconstituted oral solution: 7 days

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Unconstituted powder: Do not store above 25°C. Store in a dry place.

Reconstituted oral solution: Store for 7 days in a refrigerator.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

White opaque/translucent high density polyethylene bottle with child resistant screw cap of appropriate size containing 100ml of oral solution on reconstitution.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

None.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

BRISTOL LABORATORIES LIMITED

Unit 3, Canalside, Northbridge Road

Berkhamsted, Herts, HP4 1EG

United Kingdom

8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 17907/0249

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

22/06/2011