Summary of medicine characteristics - Orladeyo
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Orladeyo 150 mg hard capsules
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each hard capsule contains 150 mg berotralstat (as dihydrochloride).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Hard capsule (capsule)
Capsule (19.4 mm x 6.9 mm) with white opaque body imprinted with “150” and light blue opaque cap imprinted with “BCX”.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications
Orladeyo is indicated for routine prevention of recurrent attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adult and adolescent patients aged 12 years and older.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
The recommended dose for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older weighing > 40 kg is 150 mg berotralstat once daily.
Missed doses
If a dose of berotralstat is missed, the patient should take the forgotten dose as soon as possible without exceeding one dose per day.
Orladeyo is not intended for treatment of acute HAE attacks (see section 4.4).
Special populations
Elderly population
No dose adjustment is required for patients above 65 years of age (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. In patients with severe renal impairment, it is preferable to avoid the use of berotralstat. If treatment is required, appropriate monitoring (e.g. ECGs) should be considered (see section 4.4).
There are no available clinical data for the use of berotralstat in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of berotralstat in patients with ESRD (see section 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild hepatic impairment. Use of berotralstat in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) should be avoided (see section 5.2).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of berotralstat in children under 12 years of age have not yet been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
Orladeyo is for oral use. The capsule can be taken at any time of the day, with food (see section 5.2).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
General
Orladeyo is not intended for treatment of acute HAE attacks, individualised treatment should be initiated with an approved rescue medicinal product.
There are no available clinical data on the use of berotralstat in HAE patients with normal C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) activity.
There are no available data on the use of berotralstat in patients weighing less than 40 kg and use of berotralstat in these patients should be avoided.
QT prolongation
Patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment may develop increased serum berotralstat concentrations that are associated with a risk of prolonged QT. Use of berotralstat in these patients should be avoided.
Patients with severe renal impairment may be at risk of prolonged QT. It is preferable to avoid the use of berotralstat in these patients. If treatment is required, appropriate monitoring (e.g. ECGs) should be considered.
There are no data available for the use of berotralstat in patients with independent risk factors for QT prolongation such as electrolyte disturbances, known pre-existing QT prolongation (either acquired or familial), advancing age (see section 4.2), or concomitant use of other medicinal products known to prolong the QT. It is preferable to avoid the use of berotralstat in these patients. If treatment is required, appropriate monitoring (e.g. ECGs) should be considered.
Women of childbearing potential
Berotralstat may reduce the effectiveness of oral hormonal contraceptives requiring CYP2C9 for conversion of prodrug to active metabolite, such as desogestrel. Therefore, women using only desogestrel for contraception should switch to an alternative method of effective contraception, such as barrier method, injectable progesterone, or combination oral hormonal contraception (see section 4.5).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Berotralstat is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate.
Effects of other medicinal products on berotralstat
P-gp and BCRP inhibitors
Cyclosporine, a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor, increased the steady state maximum concentration (Cmax) of berotralstat by 25% and the AUC of berotralstat by 55%. Berotralstat exposure may be increased with concomitant administration of P-gp and BCRP inhibitors, but no dose adjustment is necessary. Close monitoring for adverse events is recommended for concomitant use with P-gp and BCRP inhibitors.
P-gp and BCRP inducers
Berotralstat is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP. P-gp and BCRP inducers (e.g. rifampicin, St. John’s wort) may decrease berotralstat plasma concentration, leading to reduced efficacy of berotralstat. The use of P-gp inducers is not recommended with berotralstat.
Effects of berotralstat on other medicinal products
CYP3A4 substrates
Berotralstat is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, increasing the Cmax and AUC of oral midazolam by 45% and 124%, respectively, and the Cmax and AUC of amlodipine by 45% and 77%, respectively. Concomitant administration may increase concentrations of other medicines that are CYP3A4 substrates. Refer to the SmPC for concomitant medicines that are predominantly metabolised by CYP3A4, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. cyclosporine, fentanyl). Dose adjustments of these medicines may be required (see section 5.2).
CYP2D6 substrates
Berotralstat is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6, increasing the Cmax and AUC of dextromethorphan by 196% and 177%, respectively, and the Cmax and AUC of desipramine by 64% and 87%, respectively. Concomitant administration may increase exposure of other medicines that are CYP2D6 substrates. Refer to the SmPC for concomitant medicines that are predominantly metabolised by CYP2D6, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. thioridazine, pimozide) or whose prescribing information recommends therapeutic monitoring (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants). Dose adjustments of these medicines may be required (see section 5.2).
CYP2C9 substrates
Berotralstat is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9 increasing the Cmax and AUC of tolbutamide by 19% and 73%, respectively. No dose adjustment is recommended for concomitant use of medicines that are predominantly metabolised by CYP2C9 (e.g. tolbutamide) (see section 5.2).
CYP2C19 substrates
Berotralstat is not an inhibitor of CYP2C19, as Cmax and AUC of omeprazole were increased by only 21% and 24%, respectively. No dose adjustment is recommended for concomitant use of medicines that are predominantly metabolised by CYP2C19 (e.g. omeprazole) (see section 5.2).
P-gp substrates
Berotralstat is a weak inhibitor of P-gp and increased the Cmax and AUC of the P-gp substrate digoxin by 58% and 48%, respectively. Refer to the SmPC for concomitant medicines that are P-gp substrates, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. digoxin) or whose prescribing information recommends therapeutic monitoring (e.g. dabigatran). Dose adjustments of these medicines may be required (see section 5.2).
Oral contraceptives
Administration of berotralstat during use of oral contraceptives has not been studied. As a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, berotralstat may increase concentrations of oral contraceptives metabolised by CYP3A4. As a mild inhibitor of CYP2C9, berotralstat may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives requiring CYP2C9 for conversion of prodrug to active metabolite, such as desogestrel. Therefore, women using only desogestrel for contraception should switch to an alternative method of effective contraception, such as barrier method, injectable progesterone, or combination oral hormonal contraception (see section 4.4).
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential
Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception during treatment with berotralstat and for at least 1 month following the last dose. Berotralstat is not recommended in women of childbearing potential not using contraception (see section 4.4).
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of berotralstat in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
Berotralstat is not recommended during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
Available pharmacodynamic/toxicological data in animals have shown excretion of berotralstat in milk (see section 5.3).
A risk to the suckling child cannot be excluded.
A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Orladeyo therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
No effect on fertility was observed in animal studies (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Orladeyo has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse reactions are abdominal pain (all locations) (reported by 21% of patients), diarrhoea (reported by 15% of patients), and headache (reported by 13% of patients). The gastrointestinal events were reported primarily in the first 1–3 months of Orladeyo use (median day of onset was day 66 for abdominal pain and day 45 for diarrhoea) and resolved without medicinal product while Orladeyo treatment was continued. Almost all events (99%) of abdominal pain were mild or moderate with a median duration of 3.5 days (95% CI 2–8 days). Almost all events (98%) of diarrhoea were mild or moderate with a median duration of 3.2 days (95% CI 2–8 days).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The safety of Orladeyo has been evaluated in long term clinical studies in patients with HAE (both uncontrolled, open-label and placebo-controlled, blinded) in 381 patients. Adverse reactions are listed below by MedDRA system organ class and by frequency. Frequencies are defined as follows: very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Table 1: Adverse reactions observed in clinical studies
| System organ class | Frequency | Adverse reactions |
| Nervous system disorders | Very common | Headachea |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common | Abdominal painb, Diarrhoea0 |
| Common | Vomiting, Gastroesophageal reflux, Flatulence | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Common | Rash |
| Investigationsd | Common | ALT increased, AST increased |
a Includes the events of Headache, Sinus headache
b Includes the events of Abdominal pain, Abdominal discomfort, Abdominal pain upper, Abdominal pain lower, Epigastric discomfort, Abdominal tenderness
c Includes the events of Diarrhoea, Faeces soft, Frequent bowel movements
d LFT elevations, which generally improved with or without discontinuation of berotralstat, were observed in some patients, primarily in those who discontinued androgen therapy within 14 days of initiating Orladeyo treatment. Abrupt discontinuation of androgens immediately prior to initiating Orladeyo should be avoided.
Paediatric population
The safety of Orladeyo was evaluated in clinical studies in a subgroup of 28 adolescent patients aged 12 to < 18 years of age and weighing at least 40 kg. The safety profile was similar to that observed in adults.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.
4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported in clinical studies. There is no available information to identify potential signs and symptoms of overdose. If symptoms should occur, symptomatic treatment is recommended. There is no antidote available.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other haematological agents, drugs used in hereditary angioedema, ATC code: B06AC06
Mechanism of action
Berotralstat is an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein. Plasma kallikrein is a serine protease that cleaves high-molecular-weight-kininogen (HMWK), releasing bradykinin, a potent vasodilator that increases vascular permeability. In patients with HAE due to C1-INH deficiency or dysfunction, normal regulation of plasma kallikrein activity is impaired, which leads to uncontrolled increases in plasma kallikrein activity and bradykinin release, resulting in HAE attacks consisting of swelling (angioedema).
Cardiac electrophysiology
At the steady state Cmax of berotralstat at the recommended dose of 150 mg once daily, the mean corrected QT interval increased by 3.4 msec (90% upper CI bound of 6.8 msec), which is below the 10 msec threshold for concern. At a supratherapeutic dose of 450 mg once daily, steady state exposures were 4-fold higher than at the recommended 150 mg dose, and the corrected QT interval increased by a mean of 21.9 msec.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Efficacy of berotralstat was studied in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study NCT 03485911.
Study NCT 03485911
This study included 120 patients (114 adults and 6 children 12 years and over) with type I or II HAE who experienced at least two investigator-confirmed attacks within the first 8 weeks of the run-in period and took at least one dose of study treatment. Nine patients were aged > 65 years. Patients were randomised into 1 of 3 parallel treatment arms, stratified by baseline attack rate, in a 1:1:1 ratio (berotralstat 110 mg, berotralstat 150 mg or placebo by oral administration once daily, with food) for the 24-week treatment period.
A total of 81 patients received at least one dose of berotralstat in the 24-week treatment period. Overall, 66% of patients were female and 93% of patients were Caucasian with a mean age of 41.6 years. A history of laryngeal angioedema attacks was reported in 74% of patients and 75% reported prior use of long-term prophylaxis. The median attack rate during the prospective run-in period (baseline attack rate) was 2.9 per month. Of patients enrolled, 70% had a baseline attack rate of > 2 attacks per month.
Patients discontinued other prophylactic HAE medicinal products prior to entering the study; however, all patients were allowed to use rescue medicinal products for treatment of breakthrough HAE attacks. In berotralstat-treated patients, 51.4% of breakthrough attacks were treated with C1-INH (see section 4.4). Concomitant use of C1-INH and berotralstat did not result in any identifiable adverse reactions.
Orladeyo 150 mg produced a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in the rate of HAE attacks compared to placebo through 24 weeks in the primary endpoint Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population as shown in Table 2. The percent reduction in HAE attack rate was greater with Orladeyo 150 mg compared to placebo, regardless of attack rate during the run-in period.
Table 2: Reduction in HAE attack rate in the berotralstat 150 mg ITT population
| Outcome | Berotralstat 150 mg (n=40) | Placebo (n=40a) | ||
| Rate per 28 days | Percent reduction from placebo (95% CI) | p-value | Rate per 28 days | |
| HAE attack rate | 1.31 | 44.2% (23.0, 59.5) | < 0.001 | 2.35 |
a One patient in the ITT analysis was randomised to placebo but was not treated.
Reduction in attack rates was sustained through 24 weeks, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: HAE attack rate per month through 24 weeks treatment with berotralstat 150 mg
(n=40) or placebo (n=40)
berotralstat 150 mg N= 40
Placebo N= 39
37 37
39 38
37 37 37 37
37 36 34 34
SEM: standard error of the mean
Of patients receiving 150 mg berotralstat, 58% had a > 50% reduction in their HAE attack rates compared to baseline versus 25% of placebo patients.
Orladeyo 150 mg reduced the rate of HAE attacks requiring treatment with standard of care acute attack treatments by 49.2% (95% CI: 25.5%, 65.4%) compared to placebo (rate per 28 days: 1.04 vs. 2.05).
Health-related quality of life
Patients receiving berotralstat 150 mg experienced an improvement in Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire (AE-QoL) total score and domain scores (functioning, fatigue/mood, fear/shame and nutrition) compared to the placebo group as shown in Table 3. A reduction of 6 points is considered a clinically meaningful improvement. The largest improvement was observed in the functioning score.
Table 3: Change in AE-QoL score*- berotralstat compared to placebo at week 24
| LS mean change (SE) from baseline at week 24 | LS mean difference from placebo (95% CI) | ||
| Berotralstat 150 mg | Placebo | ||
| AE-QoL total score | –14.6 (2.6) | –9.7 (2.6) | –4.90 (-12.23, 2.43) |
| Functioning score | –19.5 (3.4) | –10.4 (3.4) | –9.10 (-18.58, 0.38) |
| Fatigue/Mood score | –11.3 (3.2) | –9.2 (3.3) | –2.16 (-11.35, 7.03) |
| Fear/Shame score | –15.4 (3.2) | –10.5 (3.3) | –4.96 (-14.05, 4.13) |
| Nutrition score | –8.8 (3.0) | –6.1 (3.1) | –2.68 (-11.27, 5.92) |
| AE-QoL=Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire; CI=confidence interva SE=standard error | l; LS=least squares; | ||
*Lower scores indicate improved quality of life (lower impairment)
Paediatric population
The safety and effectiveness of Orladeyo were evaluated in 28 adolescent patients aged 12 to < 18 years across both studies. The safety profile and attack rate on study were similar to those observed in adults.
The safety and efficacy of berotralstat in paediatric patients under 12 years have not been established.
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Orladeyo in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of hereditary angioedema for the prevention of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Following oral administration of berotralstat 150 mg once daily, Cmax and area under the curve over the dosing interval (AUCtau) are 158 ng/mL (range: 110 to 234 ng/mL) and 2770 ng*h/mL (range: 1880 to 3790 ng*h/mL), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of berotralstat in patients with HAE are similar to those of healthy people.
Berotralstat exposure (Cmax and AUC) increases greater than proportionally with dose and steady state is reached by days 6 to 12.
Food effect
No differences in the Cmax and AUC of berotralstat were observed following administration with a high-fat meal. However the median tmax was delayed by 3 hours, from 2 hours (fasted) to 5 hours (fed, range: 1 to 8 hours). Berotralstat is to be administered with food to minimise gastrointestinal adverse events.
Distribution
Plasma protein binding is approximately 99%. After a single dose of radiolabelled berotralstat 300 mg, the blood to plasma ratio was approximately 0.92. At steady state, the geometric mean (%CV) Vd/F was 3123 L (40%) for berotralstat 150 mg once daily.
Biotransformation
Berotralstat is metabolised by CYP2D6 and by CYP3A4 with low turnover in vitro. After a single oral radiolabelled berotralstat 300 mg dose, berotralstat represented 34% of the total plasma radioactivity, with 8 metabolites, each accounting for between 1.8 and 7.8% of the total radioactivity. Structures for 5 of the 8 metabolites are known. It is unknown whether any metabolites are pharmacologically active.
Berotralstat 150 mg once daily is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, and a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. Berotralstat is not an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Berotralstat at double the recommended dose is a weak inhibitor of P-gp and is not an inhibitor of BCRP.
Elimination
After a single dose of 150 mg, the median half-life of berotralstat was approximately 93 hours (range: 39 to 152 hours).
After a single oral radiolabelled berotralstat 300 mg dose, approximately 9% was excreted in urine (3.4% unchanged; range 1.8 to 4.7%) and 79% was excreted in faeces. Additional analyses indicated approximately 50% of the fraction recovered in the faeces was unchanged berotralstat.
Special populations
Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed that age, gender and race did not meaningfully influence the pharmacokinetics of berotralstat. Body weight was identified as a covariate describing the variability of clearance and volume of distribution, resulting in higher exposure (AUC and Cmax) in patients weighing less. However, this difference is not considered to be clinically relevant and no dose adjustments are recommended for any of these demographics.
Paediatric population
Based on population pharmacokinetic analyses that included paediatric patients 12 to < 18 years and weighing at least 40 kg, exposure at steady state following oral administration of berotralstat 150 mg once daily was slightly higher (29% higher) than adult exposure, with an estimated geometric mean (CV%) AUCtau of 2515 (38.6) ng*h/mL. However, this difference is not considered to be clinically relevant, and no dose adjustments are recommended in paediatric patients 12 to < 18 years of age weighing 40 kg or more.
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of a single 200 mg oral dose of berotralstat were studied in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min). When compared to a concurrent cohort with normal renal function (eGFR greater than 90 mL/min); Cmax was increased by 39%, while no difference was observed in AUC. No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. Patients with severe renal impairment may be at risk of prolonged QT. It is preferable to avoid the use of berotralstat in these patients.
The pharmacokinetics of berotralstat in patients with kidney failure requiring haemodialysis has not been studied. Given the high plasma protein binding of berotralstat, it is unlikely to be cleared by haemodialysis.
Hepatic impairment
The pharmacokinetics of a single 150 mg oral dose of berotralstat were studied in patients with mild, moderate and severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh Class A, B or C). The pharmacokinetics of berotralstat were unchanged in patients with mild hepatic impairment compared to patients with normal hepatic function. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment, Cmax was increased by 77%, while AUC0-inf was increased by 78%. In subjects with severe hepatic impairment, Cmax was increased by 27%, while AUC0-inf was decreased by 6%. The estimated increase in mean QTcF in patients with moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction was up to 8.8 msec (2 sided 90% UB 13.1 msec). Use of berotralstat should be avoided in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C).
Elderly
Berotralstat has not been studied in patients above 75 years of age; however, age is not expected to affect exposure to berotralstat.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
In non-clinical chronic repeat-dose toxicity studies, phospholipidosis (presence of foamy vacuolated macrophages) was observed in the liver of rats (by electron microscopy) and suspected in the liver, small intestine, lung, spleen and lymphoid tissue in rats and monkeys, at clinically relevant exposures. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.
Skeletal myofiber degeneration/necrosis was observed in the 2-year (lifetime) study in rats. Exposure at the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for these findings in rats was 4.5 times the exposure achieved (on an AUC basis) at the clinical 150 mg berotralstat dose.
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of genotoxicity.
There was no increase in tumours in a 6-month study in Tg rasH2 transgenic mice. Exposure in this mouse carcinogenicity study was 10 times the exposure achieved (on an AUC basis) at the clinical 150 mg berotralstat dose.
Rare stromal sarcomas of the endometrium and undifferentiated sarcomas of the skin were found in a 2-year (lifetime) study in rats administered berotralstat at an exposure that was 4.5 times the exposure achieved (on an AUC basis) at the clinical 150 mg berotralstat dose. These findings are inconclusive, with an incidence slightly higher than in control groups. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.
Berotralstat crossed the placental barrier in rats and rabbits. An embryo-foetal development study conducted in pregnant rats administered berotralstat at exposures 9.7 times the exposure achieved (on an AUC basis) at the clinical 150 mg berotralstat dose revealed no evidence of harm to the developing foetus. A second embryo-foetal development study in a relevant non-rodent species was not conducted.
Berotralstat was detected in the plasma of rat pups on lactation day 14 at approximately 5% of the maternal plasma concentration.
Berotralstat had no effects on mating or fertility in male and female rats at a dose 2.9 times the clinical 150 mg berotralstat dose on a mg/m2 basis.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients
Capsule filling
Crospovidone (type A)
Magnesium stearate
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Starch, pregelatinised
Capsule shell
Gelatin
Titanium dioxide (E 171)
Indigo carmine (E 132)
Black iron oxide (E 172)
Red iron oxide (E 172)
Printing ink
Black iron oxide (E 172)
Potassium hydroxide
Shellac
Propylene glycol (E 1520)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
PCTFE/PVC-Alu blisters in a carton with 7 capsules per blister
Pack size: 28 or 98 hard capsules
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
BioCryst Ireland Limited
Block 4, Harcourt Centre, Harcourt Road, DUBLIN 2, D02HW77 Ireland
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
EU/1/21/1544/001
EU/1/21/1544/002
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 30 April 2021