Summary of medicine characteristics - Maviret
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Maviret 100 mg/40 mg film-coated tablets
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each film-coated tablet contains 100 mg glecaprevir and 40 mg pibrentasvir.
Excipient with known effect
Each film-coated tablet contains 7.48 mg lactose (as lactose monohydrate).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablet (tablet).
Pink, oblong, biconvex, film-coated tablet of dimensions 18.8 mm x 10.0 mm, debossed on one side with ‘NXT’.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indications
Maviret is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adults and children aged 3 years and older (see sections 4.2, 4.4. and 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Maviret treatment should be initiated and monitored by a physician experienced in the management of patients with HCV infection.
Posology
Adults, adolescents aged 12 years and older, or children weighing at least 45 kg
The recommended dose of Maviret is 300 mg/120 mg (three 100 mg/40 mg tablets), taken orally, once daily at the same time with food (see section 5.2).
The recommended Maviret treatment durations for HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 infected patients with compensated liver disease (with or without cirrhosis) are provided in Table 1 and Table 2.
T able 1: Recommended Maviret treatment duration for pat ients without prior HCV therapy
| Genotype | Recommended treatment duration | |
| No cirrhosis | Cirrhosis | |
| GT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | 8 weeks | 8 weeks |
Table 2: Recommended Maviret treatment duration for patients who failed prior therapy with p eg-IFN + ribavirin +/- sofosbuvir, or sofosbuvir + rib avirin
| Genotype | Recommended treatment duration | |
| No cirrhosis | Cirrhosis | |
| GT 1, 2, 4–6 | 8 weeks | 12 weeks |
| GT 3 | 16 weeks | 16 weeks |
For patients who failed prior therapy with an NS3/4A- and/or an NS5A-inhibitor, see section 4.4.
Missed dose
In case a dose of Maviret is missed, the prescribed dose can be taken within 18 hours after the time it was supposed to be taken. If more than 18 hours have passed since Maviret is usually taken, the missed dose should not be taken and the patient should take the next dose per the usual dosing schedule. Patients should be instructed not to take a double dose.
If vomiting occurs within 3 hours of dosing, an additional dose of Maviret should be taken. If vomiting occurs more than 3 hours after dosing, an additional dose of Maviret is not needed.
Elderly
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required in elderly patients (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required in patients with any degree of renal impairment including patients on dialysis (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A). Maviret is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh-B) and is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see sections 4.3, 4.4, and 5.2).
Liver or kidney transplant patients
A 12-week treatment duration has been evaluated and is recommended in liver or kidney transplant recipients with or without cirrhosis (see section 5.1). A 16-week treatment duration should be considered in genotype 3-infected patients who are treatment experienced with peg-IFN + ribavirin +/-sofosbuvir, or sofosbuvir + ribavirin.
Patients with HIV-1 Co-infection
Follow the dosing recommendations in Tables 1 and 2. For dosing recommendations with HIV antiviral agents, refer to section 4.5.
Paediatric population)
The safety and efficacy of Maviret in children aged less than 3 years or under 12 kg have not been established and no data are available.
Maviret coated granule formulation is intended for children aged 3 to less than 12 years weighing 12 kg to less than 45 kg. Refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for Maviret coated granules in sachet for dosing instructions based on body weight. Because the formulations have different pharmacokinetic profiles, the tablets and the coated granules are not interchangeable. A full course of treatment with the same formulation is therefore required (see section 5.2).
Method of administration
For oral use.
Patients should be instructed to swallow tablets whole with food and not to chew, crush or break the tablets as it may alter the bioavailability of the agents (see section 5.2).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 5.2).
Concomitant use with atazanavir containing products, atorvastatin, simvastatin, dabigatran etexilate, ethinyl oestradiol-containing products, strong P-gp and CYP3A inducers (e.g., rifampicin, carbamazepine, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum ), phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone) (see section 4.5).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hepatitis B Virus reactivation
Cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, some of them fatal, have been reported during or after treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents. HBV screening should be performed in all patients before initiation of treatment. HBV/HCV co-infected patients are at risk of HBV reactivation, and should, therefore, be monitored and managed according to current clinical guidelines.
Hepatic impairment
Maviret is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) and is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see sections 4.2, 4.3, and 5.2).
Patients who failed a prior regimen containing an NS5A- and/or an NS3/4A-inhibitor
Genotype 1-infected (and a very limited number of genotype 4-infected) patients with prior failure on regimens that may confer resistance to glecaprevir/pibrentasvir were studied in studies MAGELLAN-1 and B16–439 (section 5.1). The risk of failure was, as expected, highest for those exposed to both classes. A resistance algorithm predictive of the risk for failure by baseline resistance has not been established. Accumulating double class resistance was a general finding for patients who failed re-treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in MAGELLAN-1. No re-treatment data is available for patients infected with genotypes 2, 3, 5 or 6. Maviret is not recommended for the re-treatment of patients with prior exposure to NS3/4A- and/or NS5A-inhibitors.
Drug-drug interactions
Co-administration is not recommended with several medicinal products as detailed in section 4.5.
Use in diabetic patients
Diabetics may experience improved glucose control, potentially resulting in symptomatic hypoglycaemia, after initiating HCV direct acting antiviral treatment. Glucose levels of diabetic patients initiating direct acting antiviral therapy should be closely monitored, particularly within the first 3 months, and their diabetic medicines modified when necessary. The physician in charge of the diabetic care of the patient should be informed when direct acting antiviral therapy is initiated.
Lactose
Maviret contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Potential for Maviret to affect other medicinal products
Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/3. Co-administration with Maviret may increase plasma concentrations of medicinal products that are substrates of P-gp (e.g. dabigatran etexilate, digoxin), BCRP (e.g. rosuvastatin), or OATP1B1/3 (e.g. atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin). See Table 3 for specific recommendations on interactions with sensitive substrates of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP1B1/3. For other P-gp, BCRP, or OATP1B1/3 substrates, dose adjustment may be needed.
Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir are weak inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and uridine glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 in vivo. Clinically significant increases in exposure were not observed for sensitive substrates of CYP3A (midazolam, felodipine) or UGT1A1 (raltegravir) when administered with Maviret.
Both glecaprevir and pibrentasvir inhibit the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in vitro.
Significant inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT1A4, UGT2B7, OCT1, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1 or MATE2K are not expected.
Patients treated with vitamin K antagonists
As liver function may change during treatment with Maviret, a close monitoring of International Normalised Ratio (INR) values is recommended.
Potential for other medicinal products to affect Maviret
Use with strong P-gp/CYP3A inducers
Medicinal products that are strong P-gp and CYP3A inducers (e.g., rifampicin, carbamazepine, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum ), phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone) could significantly decrease glecaprevir or pibrentasvir plasma concentrations and may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of Maviret or loss of virologic response. Co-administration of such medicinal products with Maviret is contraindicated (see section 4.3).
Co-administration of Maviret with medicinal products that are moderate inducers P-gp/CYP3A may decrease glecaprevir and pibrentasvir plasma concentrations (e.g. oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lumacaftor, crizotinib). Co-administration of moderate inducers is not recommended (see section 4.4).
Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir are substrates of the efflux transporters P-gp and/or BCRP. Glecaprevir is also a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1/3. Co-administration of Maviret with medicinal products that inhibit P-gp and BCRP (e.g. ciclosporin, cobicistat, dronedarone, itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir) may slow elimination of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir and thereby increase plasma exposure of the antivirals. Medicinal products that inhibit OATP1B1/3 (e.g. elvitegravir, ciclosporin, darunavir, lopinavir) increase systemic concentrations of glecaprevir.
Established and other potential medicinal product interactions
Table 3 provides the least-squares mean Ratio (90% Confidence Interval) effect on concentration of Maviret and some common concomitant medicinal products. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the change in exposures (Cmax, AUC, and Cmin) in glecaprevir, pibrentasvir, and the coadministered medicinal product ($ = increase (more than 25%), ^ = decrease (more than 20%), ^ = no change (equal to or less than 20% decrease or 25% increase)). This is not an exclusive list. All interaction studies were performed in adults.
| Table 3: Interactions between Maviret and other medicinal prod | ucts | ||||
| Medicinal product by therapeutic areas/possible mechanism of interaction | Effect on medicinal product levels | C max | AUC | C min | Clinical comments |
| ANGIOTENSIN-II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS | |||||
| Losartan 50 mg single dose | t losartan | 2.51 (2.00, 3.15) | 1.56 (1.28, 1.89) | -- | No dose adjustment is required. |
| t losartan carboxylic acid | 2.18 (1.88, 2.53) | ^ | -- | ||
| Valsartan 80 mg single dose (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3) | t valsartan | 1.36 (1.17, 1.58) | 1.31 (1.16, 1.49) | -- | No dose adjustment is required. |
| ANTIARRHYTHMICS | |||||
| Digoxin 0.5 mg single dose (Inhibition of P-gp) | t digoxin | 1.72 (1.45, 2.04) | 1.48 (1.40, 1.57) | Caution and therapeutic concentration monitoring of digoxin is recommended. | |
| ANTICOAGULANTS | |||||
| Dabigatran etexilate 150 mg single dose (Inhibition of P-gp) | t dabigatran | 2.05 (1.72, 2.44) | 2.38 (2.11, 2.70) | -- | Co-administration is contraindicated (see section 4.3). |
| ANTICONVULSANTS | |||||
| Carbamazepine 200 mg twice daily (Induction of P-gp/CYP3A) | ¿ glecaprevir | 0.33 (0.27, 0.41) | 0.34 (0.28, 0.40) | -- | Co-administration may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of Maviret and is contraindicated (see section 4.3). |
| ¿ pibrentasvir | 0.50 (0.42, 0.59) | 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) | -- | ||
| Phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone | Not studied. Expected: ^ glecaprevir and ^ pibrentasvir | ||||
| ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS | |||||
| Rifampicin 600 mg single dose (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3) | t glecaprevir | 6.52 (5.06, 8.41) | 8.55 (7.01, 10.4) | -- | Co-administration is contraindicated (see section 4.3). |
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | -- | ||
| Rifampicin 600 mg once dailya (Induction of P-gp/BCRP/CYP3A) | ¿ glecaprevir | 0.14 (0.11, 0.19) | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | -- | |
| ¿ pibrentasvir | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.13 (0.11, 0.15) | -- | ||
| ETHINYL-OESTRADIOL-CONTAINING PRODUCTS | |||||
| Ethinyloestradiol (EE)/Norgestimate 35 gg/250 gg once daily | t EE | 1.31 (1.24, 1.38) | 1.28 (1.23, 1.32) | 1.38 (1.25, 1.52) | Co-administration of Maviret with ethinyloestradiol-containing products is contraindicated due to the risk of ALT elevations (see section 4.3). |
| t norelgestromin | ^ | 1.44 (1.34, 1.54) | 1.45 (1.33, 1.58) | ||
| t norgestrel | 1.54 (1.34, 1.76) | 1.63 (1.50, 1.76) | 1.75 (1.62, 1.89) | ||
| EE/Levonorgestrel | t EE | 1.30 (1.18, 1.44) | 1.40 (1.33, 1.48) | 1.56 (1.41, 1.72) | |
| 20 jj.g/100 gg once daily | t norgestrel | 1.37 (1.23, 1.52) | 1.68 (1.57, 1.80) | 1.77 (1.58, 1.98) | No dose adjustment is required with levonorgestrel, norethidrone or norgestimate as contraceptive progestagen. |
| HERBAL PRODUCTS | |||||
| St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum ) (Induction of P-gp/CYP3A) | Not studied. Expected: ^ glecaprevir and ^ pibrentasvir | Co-administration may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of Maviret and is contraindicated (see section 4.3). | |||
| HIV-ANTIVIRAL AGENTS | |||||
| Atazanavir + ritonavir 300/100 mg once dailyb | t glecaprevir | >4.06 (3.15, 5.23) | >6.53 (5.24, 8.14) | >14.3 (9.85, 20.7) | Co-administration with atazanavir is contraindicated due to the risk of ALT elevations (see section 4.3). |
| t pibrentasvir | >1.29 (1.15, 1.45) | >1.64 (1.48, 1.82) | >2.29 (1.95, 2.68) | ||
| Darunavir + ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily | t glecaprevir | 3.09 (2.26, 4.20) | 4.97 (3.62, 6.84) | 8.24 (4.40, 15.4) | Co-administration with darunavir is not recommended. |
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | 1.66 (1.25, 2.21) | ||
| Efavirenz/emtricitab ine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 600/200/300 mg once daily | t tenofovir | ^ | 1.29 (1.23, 1.35) | 1.38 (1.31, 1.46) | Co-administration with efavirenz may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of Maviret and is not recommended. No clinically significant interactions are expected with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. |
| The effect of efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on glecaprevir and pibrentasvir was not directly quantified within this study, but glecaprevir and pibrentasvir exposures were significantly lower than historical controls. | |||||
| Elvitegravir/cobicist at/emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide (P-gp, BCRP, and OATP inhibition by cobicistat, OATP inhibition by elvitegravir) | ^ tenofovir | ^ | ^ | ^ | No dose adjustment is required. |
| t glecaprevir | 2.50 (2.08, 3.00) | 3.05 (2.55, 3.64) | 4.58 (3.15, 6.65) | ||
| t pibrentasvir | ^ | 1.57 (1.39, 1.76) | 1.89 (1.63, 2.19) | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily | t glecaprevir | 2.55 (1.84, 3.52) | 4.38 (3.02, 6.36) | 18.6 (10.4, 33.5) | Co-administration is not recommended. |
| t pibrentasvir | 1.40 (1.17, 1.67) | 2.46 (2.07, 2.92) | 5.24 (4.18, 6.58) | ||
| Raltegravir 400 mg twice daily (Inhibition of UGT1A1) | t raltegravir | 1.34 (0.89, 1.98) | 1.47 (1.15, 1.87) | 2.64 (1.42,4.91) | No dose adjustment is required. |
| HCV-ANTIVIRAL AGENTS | |||||
| Sofosbuvir 400 mg single dose (P-gp/BCRP inhibition) | t sofosbuvir | 1.66 (1.23, 2.22) | 2.25 (1.86, 2.72) | -- | No dose adjustment is required. |
| t GS-331007 | ^ | ^ | 1.85 (1.67, 2.04) | ||
| ^ glecaprevir | ^ | ^ | ^ | ||
| ^ pibrentasvir | ~ | ~ | ~ | ||
| HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS | |||||
| Atorvastatin 10 mg once daily (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3, P-gp, BCRP, CYP3A) | t atorvastatin | 22.0 (16.4, 29.5) | 8.28 (6.06, 11.3) | Co-administration with atorvastatin and simvastatin is contraindicated (see section 4.3). | |
| Simvastatin 5 mg once daily (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3, P-gp, BCRP) | t simvastatin | 1.99 (1.60, 2.48) | 2.32 (1.93, 2.79) | -- | |
| t simvastatin acid | 10.7 (7.88, 14.6) | 4.48 (3.11, 6.46) | -- | ||
| Lovastatin 10 mg once daily (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3, P-gp, BCRP) | t lovastatin | ^ | 1.70 (1.40, 2.06) | -- | Co-administration is not recommended. If used, lovastatin should not exceed a dose of 20 mg/day and patients should be monitored. |
| t lovastatin acid | 5.73 (4.65, 7.07) | 4.10 (3.45, 4.87) | -- | ||
| Pravastatin 10 mg once daily (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3) | t pravastatin | 2.23 (1.87, 2.65) | 2.30 (1.91, 2.76) | -- | Caution is recommended. Pravastatin dose should not exceed 20 mg per day and rosuvastatin dose should not exceed 5 mg per day. |
| Rosuvastatin 5 mg once daily (Inhibition of OATP1B1/3, BCRP) | t rosuvastatin | 5.62 (4.80, 6.59) | 2.15 (1.88, 2.46) | -- | |
| Fluvastatin, Pitavastatin | Not studied. Expected: t fluvastatin and t pitavastatin | Interactions with fluvastatin and pitavastatin are likely and caution is recommended during the combination. A low dose of the statin is recommended at the initiation of the DAA treatment. | |||
| IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | |||||
| Ciclosporin 100 mg single dose | t glecaprevirc | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 1.37 (1.13, 1.66) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60) | Maviret is not recommended for use in patients requiring stable ciclosporin doses >100 mg per day. If the combination is unavoidable, use can be considered if the benefit outweighs the risk with a close clinical monitoring. |
| t pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | 1.26 (1.15, 1.37) | ||
| Ciclosporin 400 mg single dose | t glecaprevir | 4.51 (3.63, 6.05) | 5.08 (4.11, 6.29) | -- | |
| t pibrentasvir | ^ | 1.93 (1.78, 2.09) | |||
| Tacrolimus 1 mg single dose | t tacrolimus | 1.50 (1.24, 1.82) | 1.45 (1.24, 1.70) | -- | The combination of Maviret with tacrolimus should be used with |
| ^ glecaprevir | ^ | ^ | ^ | ||
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | ^ | ||
| (CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition) | caution. Increase of tacrolimus exposure is expected. Therefore, a therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus is recommended and a dose adjustment of tacrolimus made accordingly. | |||||
| PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS | ||||||
| Omeprazole 20 mg once daily (Increase gastric pH value) | ¿ glecaprevir | 0.78 (0.60, 1.00) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | -- | No dose adjustment is required. | |
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | -- | |||
| Omeprazole 40 mg once daily (1 hour before breakfast) | ¿ glecaprevir | 0.36 (0.21, 0.59) | 0.49 (0.35, 0.68) | -- | ||
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | -- | |||
| Omeprazole 40 mg once daily (evening without food) | ¿ glecaprevir | 0.54 (0.44, 0.65) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.59) | -- | ||
| ^ pibrentasvir | ^ | ^ | -- | |||
| VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS | ||||||
| Vitamin K antagonists | Not studied. | Close monitoring of INR is recommended with all vitamin K antagonists. This is due to liver function changes during treatment with Maviret. | ||||
DAA=direct acting antiviral
-
a. Effect of rifampicin on glecaprevir and pibrentasvir 24 hours after final rifampicin dose.
-
b. Effect of atazanavir and ritonavir on the first dose of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir is reported.
-
c. HCV-infected transplant recipients who received a median ciclosporin dose of 100 mg per day had increased glecaprevir exposures to 2.4-fold of those not receiving ciclosporin.
Additional drug-drug interaction studies were performed with the following medical products and showed no clinically significant interactions with Maviret: abacavir, amlodipine, buprenorphine, caffeine, dextromethorphan, dolutegravir, emtricitabine, felodipine, lamivudine, lamotrigine, methadone, midazolam, naloxone, norethindrone or other progestin-only contraceptives, rilpivirine, tenofovir alafenamide and tolbutamide.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of glecaprevir or pibrentasvir in pregnant women.
Studies in rats/mice with glecaprevir or pibrentasvir do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity. Maternal toxicity associated with embryo-foetal loss has been observed in the rabbit with glecaprevir which precluded evaluation of glecaprevir at clinical exposures in this species (see section 5.3). As a precautionary measure, Maviret use is not recommended in pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether glecaprevir or pibrentasvir are excreted in human milk. Available pharmacokinetic data in animals have shown excretion of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in milk (for details see section 5.3). A risk to the suckling child cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Maviret therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
No human data on the effect of glecaprevir and/or pibrentasvir on fertility are available. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects of glecaprevir or pibrentasvir on fertility at exposures higher than the exposures in humans at the recommended dose (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Maviret has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
In pooled Phase 2 and 3 clinical studies of adult subjects receiving Maviret with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 HCV infection the most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence > 10%) were headache and fatigue. Less than 0.1% of subjects treated with Maviret had serious adverse reactions (transient ischaemic attack). The proportion of subjects treated with Maviret who permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions was 0.1%.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse reactions were identified in registrational Phase 2 and 3 studies in HCV-infected adults with or without cirrhosis treated with Maviret for 8, 12 or 16 weeks, or during postmarketing experience. The adverse reactions are listed below by body system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as follows: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1 000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000), very rare (< 1/10 000) or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 4: Adverse reactions identified with Maviret
| Frequency | Adverse reactions |
| Immune system disorders | |
| Uncommon | angioedema |
| Nervous system disorders | |
| Very common | headache |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |
| Common | diarrhoea, nausea |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | |
| Not known | pruritus |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | |
| Very common | fatigue |
| Common | asthenia |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Adverse reactions in subjects with severe renal impairment including subjects on dialysis The safety of Maviret in subjects with chronic kidney disease (including subjects on dialysis) and genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 chronic HCV infection with compensated liver disease (with or without cirrhosis) was assessed in adults in EXPEDITION-4 (n=104) and EXPEDITION-5 (n=101). The most common adverse reactions in subjects with severe renal impairment were pruritus (17%) and fatigue (12%) in EXPEDITION-4 and pruritus (14.9%) in EXPEDITION-5.
Adverse reactions in subjects with liver or kidney transplant
The safety of Maviret was assessed in 100 post-liver or -kidney transplant adult recipients with genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 chronic HCV infection without cirrhosis (MAGELLAN-2). The overall safety profile in transplant recipients was comparable to that observed in subjects in the Phase 2 and 3 studies. Adverse reactions observed in greater than or equal to 5% of subjects receiving Maviret for 12 weeks were headache (17%), fatigue (16%), nausea (8%) and pruritus (7%).
Safety in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects
The overall safety profile in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected adult subjects (ENDURANCE-1 and EXPEDITION-2) was comparable to that observed in HCV mono-infected adult subjects.
Paediatric population
The safety of Maviret in HCV GT1–6 infected adolescents is based on data from a Phase 2/3 openlabel study in 47 subjects aged 12 years to <18 years treated with Maviret for 8 to 16 weeks (DORAPart 1). The adverse reactions observed were comparable with those observed in clinical studies of Maviret in adults.
Serum bilirubin elevations
Elevations in total bilirubin of at least 2× upper limit normal (ULN) were observed in 1.3% of subjects related to glecaprevir-mediated inhibition of bilirubin transporters and metabolism. Bilirubin elevations were asymptomatic, transient, and typically occurred early during treatment. Bilirubin elevations were predominantly indirect and not associated with ALT elevations. Direct hyperbilirubinemia was reported in 0.3% of subjects.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in
4.9 Overdose
The highest documented doses administered to healthy volunteers is 1 200 mg once daily for 7 days for glecaprevir and 600 mg once daily for 10 days for pibrentasvir. Asymptomatic serum ALT elevations (>5× ULN) were observed in 1 out of 70 healthy subjects following multiple doses of glecaprevir (700 mg or 800 mg) once daily for > 7 days. In case of overdose, the patient should be monitored for any signs and symptoms of toxicities (see section 4.8). Appropriate symptomatic treatment should be instituted immediately. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir are not significantly removed by haemodialysis.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use, direct-acting antivirals, ATC code: J05AP57
Mechanism of action
Maviret is a fixed-dose combination of two pan-genotypic, direct-acting antiviral agents, glecaprevir (NS3/4A protease inhibitor) and pibrentasvir (NS5A inhibitor), targeting multiple steps in the HCV viral lifecycle.
Glecaprevir
Glecaprevir is a pan-genotypic inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease, which is necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein (into mature forms of the NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B proteins) and is essential for viral replication.
Pibrentasvir
Pibrentasvir is a pan-genotypic inhibitor of HCV NS5A, which is essential for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. The mechanism of action of pibrentasvir has been characterised based on cell culture antiviral activity and drug resistance mapping studies.
Antiviral activity
The EC50 values of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir against full-length or chimeric replicons encoding NS3 or NS5A from laboratory strains are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Activity of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir against HCV genotypes 1–6 rep licon cell lines
| HCV Subtype | Glecaprevir EC 50 , nM | Pibrentasvir EC 50 , nM |
| 1a | 0.85 | 0.0018 |
| 1b | 0.94 | 0.0043 |
| 2a | 2.2 | 0.0023 |
| 2b | 4.6 | 0.0019 |
| 3a | 1.9 | 0.0021 |
| 4a | 2.8 | 0.0019 |
| 5a | NA | 0.0014 |
| 6a | 0.86 | 0.0028 |
NA = not available
The in vitro activity of glecaprevir was also studied in a biochemical assay, with similarly low IC50 values across genotypes.
EC50 values of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir against chimeric replicons encoding NS3 or NS5A from clinical isolates are presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Activity of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir against transient replicons containing NS3 or
NS5A from HCV genotypes 1–6 clinical isolates
| HCV subtype | Glecaprevir | Pibrentasvir | ||
| Number of clinical isolates | Median EC 50 , nM (range) | Number of clinical isolates | Median EC 50 , nM (range) | |
| 1a | 11 | 0.08 (0.05 –0.12) | 11 | 0.0009 (0.0006 –0.0017) |
| 1b | 9 | 0.29 (0.20 –0.68) | 8 | 0.0027 (0.0014 –0.0035) |
| 2a | 4 | 1.6 (0.66 –1.9) | 6 | 0.0009 (0.0005 –0.0019) |
| 2b | 4 | 2.2 (1.4 –3.2) | 11 | 0.0013 (0.0011 –0.0019) |
| 3a | 2 | 2.3 (0.71 –3.8) | 14 | 0.0007 (0.0005 –0.0017) |
| 4a | 6 | 0.41 (0.31 –0.55) | 8 | 0.0005 (0.0003 –0.0013) |
| 4b | NA | NA | 3 | 0.0012 (0.0005 –0.0018) |
| 4d | 3 | 0.17 (0.13 –0.25) | 7 | 0.0014 (0.0010 –0.0018) |
| 5a | 1 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.0011 |
| 6a | NA | NA | 3 | 0.0007 (0.0006 –0.0010) |
| 6e | NA | NA | 1 | 0.0008 |
| 6p | NA | NA | 1 | 0.0005 |
NA = not available
Resistance
In cell culture
Amino acid substitutions in NS3 or NS5A selected in cell culture or important for the inhibitor class were phenotypically characterised in replicons.
Substitutions important for the HCV protease inhibitor class at positions 36, 43, 54, 55, 56, 155, 166, or 170 in NS3 had no impact on glecaprevir activity. Substitutions at amino acid position 168 in NS3 had no impact in genotype 2, while some substitutions at position 168 reduced glecaprevir susceptibility by up to 55-fold (genotypes 1, 3, 4), or reduced susceptibility by > 100-fold (genotype 6). Some substitutions at position 156 reduced susceptibility to glecaprevir (genotypes 1 to 4) by > 100-fold. Substitutions at amino acid position 80 did not reduce susceptibility to glecaprevir except for Q80R in genotype 3a, which reduced susceptibility to glecaprevir by 21-fold.
Single substitutions important for the NS5A inhibitor class at positions 24, 28, 30, 31, 58, 92, or 93 in NS5A in genotypes 1 to 6 had no impact on the activity of pibrentasvir. Specifically in genotype 3a, A30K or Y93H had no impact on pibrentasvir activity. Some combinations of substitutions in genotypes 1a and 3a (including A30K+Y93H in genotype 3a) showed reductions in susceptibility to pibrentasvir. In genotype 3b replicon, the presence of naturally occurring polymorphisms K30 and M31 in NS5A reduced susceptibility to pibrentasvir by 24-fold relative to the activity of pibrentasvir in genotype 3a replicon.
In clinical studies
Studies in treatment-naive and peginterferon (peglFN), ribavirin (RBV) and/or sofosbuvir treatment-experienced adult subjects with or without cirrhosis
Twenty two of the approximately 2 300 subjects treated with Maviret for 8, 12, or 16 weeks in registrational Phase 2 and 3 clinical studies experienced virologic failure (2 with genotype 1, 2 with genotype 2, 18 with genotype 3 infection).
Among the 2 genotype 1-infected subjects who experienced virologic failure, one had treatment-emergent substitutions A156V in NS3 and Q30R/L31M/H58D in NS5A, and one had Q30R/H58D (while Y93N was present at baseline and post-treatment) in NS5A.
Among the 2 genotype 2-infected subjects, no treatment-emergent substitutions were observed in NS3 or NS5A (the M31 polymorphism in NS5A was present at baseline and post-treatment in both subjects).
Among the 18 genotype 3-infected subjects treated with Maviret for 8, 12, or 16 weeks who experienced virologic failure, treatment-emergent NS3 substitutions Y56H/N, Q80K/R, A156G, or Q168L/R were observed in 11 subjects. A166S or Q168R were present at baseline and post-treatment in 5 subjects. Treatment-emergent NS5A substitutions M28G, A30G/K, L31F, P58T, or Y93H were observed in 16 subjects, and 13 subjects had A30K (n=9) or Y93H (n=5) at baseline and posttreatment.
Studies in adult sub jects with or without compensated cirrhosis who were treatment-experienced to NS3/4A protease and/or NS5A inhibitors
Ten of 113 subjects treated with Maviret in the MAGELLAN-1 study for 12 or 16 weeks experienced virologic failure. Among the 10 genotype 1-infected subjects with virologic failure, treatment-emergent NS3 substitutions V36A/M, R155K/T, A156G/T/V, or D168A/T were observed in 7 subjects. Five of the 10 had combinations of V36M, Y56H, R155K/T, or D168A/E in NS3 at baseline and post-treatment. All of the genotype 1-infected virologic failure subjects had one or more NS5A substitutions L/M28M/T/V, Q30E/G/H/K/L/R, L31M, P32 deletion, H58C/D, or Y93H at baseline, with additional treatment-emergent NS5A substitutions M28A/G, P29Q/R, Q30K, H58D, or Y93H observed in 7 of the subjects at the time of failure.
Thirteen of the 177 subjects with chronic HCV GT1 infection (all virologic failures had GT1a infection) who were treatment experienced with NS5A inhibitor + SOF treated with Maviret in study B16–439 for 12 weeks (9 out of 13) or 16 weeks (4 out of 13) experienced virologic failure. Among the 13 virologic failures, treatment-emergent NS3 substitutions were observed in 4 subjects at the time of failure: A156V (n = 2) or R155W + A156G (n = 2); 3 of these 4 subjects also had Q80K at baseline and at the time of failure. Twelve of 13 virologic failures had one or more NS5A polymorphisms detected at signature amino acid positions (M28V/T, Q30E/H/N/R, L31M/V, H58D, E62D/Q, or Y93H/N) at baseline, and 10 of 13 developed additional NS5A substitutions (M28A/S/T (n = 3), Q30N (n = 1), L31M/V (n = 2), P32del (n = 1), H58D (n = 4), E62D (n = 1)) at time of treatment failure.
Effect of baseline HCV amino acid polymorphisms on treatment response
A pooled analysis of treatment-naive and pegylated interferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir treatment-experienced adult subjects receiving Maviret in the Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical studies was conducted to explore the association between baseline polymorphisms and treatment outcome and to describe substitutions seen upon virologic failure. Baseline polymorphisms relative to a subtype-specific reference sequence at amino acid positions 155, 156, and 168 in NS3, and 24, 28, 30, 31, 58, 92, and 93 in NS5A were evaluated at a 15% detection threshold by next-generation sequencing. Baseline polymorphisms in NS3 were detected in 1.1% (9/845), 0.8% (3/398), 1.6% (10/613), 1.2% (2/164), 41.9% (13/31), and 2.9% (1/34) of subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 infection, respectively. Baseline polymorphisms in NS5A were detected in 26.8% (225/841), 79.8% (331/415), 22.1% (136/615), 49.7% (80/161), 12.9% (4/31), and 54.1% (20/37) of subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 infection, respectively.
Genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6: Baseline polymorphisms in genotypes 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 had no impact on treatment outcome.
Genotype 3 : For subjects who received the recommended regimen (n=313), baseline polymorphisms in NS5A (Y93H included) or NS3 did not have a relevant impact on treatment outcomes. All subjects (15/15) with Y93H and 77% (17/22) with A30K in NS5A at baseline achieved SVR12. The overall prevalence of A30K and Y93H at baseline was 7.0% and 4.8%, respectively. The ability to assess the impact of baseline polymorphisms in NS5A was limited among treatment-naive subjects with cirrhosis and treatment-experienced subjects due to low prevalence of A30K (3.0%, 4/132) or Y93H (3.8%, 5/132).
Cross-resistance
In vitro data indicate that the majority of the resistance-associated substitutions in NS5A at amino acid positions 24, 28, 30, 31, 58, 92, or 93 that confer resistance to ombitasvir, daclatasvir, ledipasvir, elbasvir, or velpatasvir remained susceptible to pibrentasvir. Some combinations of NS5A substitutions at these positions showed reductions in susceptibility to pibrentasvir. Glecaprevir was fully active against resistance-associated substitutions in NS5A, while pibrentasvir was fully active against resistance-associated substitutions in NS3. Both glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were fully active against substitutions associated with resistance to NS5B nucleotide and non-nucleotide inhibitors.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Table 7 summarizes clinical studies conducted with Maviret in adult and adolescent subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 infection.
Table 7: Clinical studies conducted with Maviret in subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
Infection
| Genotype (GT) | Clinical study | Summary of study design | |
| TN and PRS-TE subjects without cirrhosis | ||
| GT1 | ENDURANCE-1a | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=351) or 12 weeks (n=352) |
| SURVEYOR-1 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=34) | |
| GT2 | ENDURANCE-2 | Maviret (n=202) or Placebo (n=100) for 12 weeks |
| SURVEYOR-2b | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=199) or 12 weeks (n=25) | |
| GT3 | ENDURANCE-3 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=157) or 12 weeks (n=233) Sofosbuvir + daclatasvir for 12 weeks (n=115) |
| SURVEYOR-2 | Maviret for 8 weeks (TN only, n=29) or 12 weeks (n=76) or 16 weeks (TE only, n=22) | |
| GT4, 5, 6 | ENDURANCE-4 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=121) |
| ENDURANCE-5,6 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=75) | |
| SURVEYOR-1 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=32) | |
| SURVEYOR-2c | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=58) | |
| GT1–6 | VOYAGE-1f | Maviret for 8 weeks (GT1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 and GT3 TN) (n=356) or 16 weeks (GT3 TE only) (n=6) |
| TN and PRS-TE subjects with cirrhosis | ||
| GT1, 2, 4, 5, 6 | EXPEDITION-1 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=146) |
| GT3 | SURVEYOR-2d | Maviret for 12 weeks (TN only, n=64) or 16 weeks (TE only, n=51) |
| GT5, 6 | ENDURANCE-5,6 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=9) |
| GT1–6 | VOYAGE-2f | Maviret for 12 weeks (GT1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 and GT3 TN) (n=157) or 16 weeks (GT3 TE only) (n=3) |
| GT1–6 | EXPEDITION-8 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=343) (TN only) |
| Subjects with CKD stage 3b, 4 and 5 with or without cirrhosis | ||
| GT1–6 | EXPEDITION-4 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=104) |
| GT1–6 | EXPEDITION-5 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=84) or 12 weeks (n=13) or 16 weeks (n=4) |
| NS5A inhibitor and/or Pl-experienced subjects with or without cirrhosis | ||
| GT1, 4 | MAGELLAN-1e | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=66) or 16 weeks (n=47) |
| GT1 | B16–439 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=78) or 16 weeks (n=78) or Maviret + RBV for 12 weeks (n=21)g |
| HCV/HIV-1 Co-Infected Subjects with or without Cirrhosis | ||
| GT1–6 | EXPEDITION-2 | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=137) or 12 weeks (n=16) |
| Liver or Kidney Transplant Recipients | ||
| GT1–6 | MAGELLAN-2 | Maviret for 12 weeks (n=100) |
| Adolescent subjects (12 to <18 years) | ||
| GT1–6 | DORA (Part 1)a | Maviret for 8 weeks (n=44) or 16 weeks (n=3) |
TN=treatment naïve, PRS-TE=treatment experienced (includes previous treatment that included pegIFN (or IFN), and/or RBV and/or sofosbuvir), PI=Protease Inhibitor, CKD=chronic kidney disease
-
a. ENDURANCE-1 included 33 subjects co-infected with HIV-1. DORA included 2 subjects coinfected with HIV-1.
-
b. GT2 from SURVEYOR-2 Parts 1 and 2 – Maviret for 8 weeks (n=54) or 12 weeks (n=25); GT2 from SURVEYOR-2 Part 4 – Maviret for 8 weeks (n=145).
-
c. GT3 without cirrhosis from SURVEYOR-2 Parts 1 and 2 – Maviret for 8 weeks (n=29) or 12 weeks (n=54); GT3 without cirrhosis from SURVEYOR-2 Part 3 – Maviret for 12 weeks (n=22) or 16 weeks (n=22).
-
d. GT3 with cirrhosis from SURVEYOR-2 Part 2 – Maviret for 12 weeks (n=24) or 16 weeks (n=4); GT3 with cirrhosis from SURVEYOR-2 Part 3 – Maviret for 12 weeks (n=40) or 16 weeks (n=47).
-
e. GT1, 4 from MAGELLAN-1 Part 1 – Maviret for 12 weeks (n=22); GT1, 4 from MAGELLAN-1 Part 2 -Maviret for 12 weeks (n=44) or 16 weeks (n=47).
-
f. VOYAGE-1 and VOYAGE-2 were Asian regional studies.
-
g. Maviret is not recommended for the re-treatment of patients with prior exposure to NS3/4A- and/or NS5A-inhibitors (see section 4.4).
Serum HCV RNA values were measured during the clinical studies using the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS Taqman HCV test (version 2.0) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 15 IU/mL (except for SURVEYOR-1 and SURVEYOR-2 which used the Roche COBAS TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assay v. 2.0 with an LLOQ of 25 IU/mL). Sustained virologic response (SVR12), defined as HCV RNA less than LLOQ at 12 weeks after the cessation of treatment, was the primary endpoint in all the studies to determine the HCV cure rate.
Clinical studies in treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced subjects with or without cirrhosis Of the 2 409 adult subjects with compensated liver disease (with or without cirrhosis) treated who were treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced to combinations of peginterferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir, the median age was 53 years (range: 19 to 88); 73.3% were treatment-naïve, 26.7% were treatment-experienced to a combination containing either sofosbuvir, ribavirin and/or peginterferon; 40.3% were HCV genotype 1; 19.8% were HCV genotype 2; 27.8% were HCV genotype 3; 8.1% were HCV genotype 4; 3.4% were HCV genotype 5–6; 13.1% were >65 years; 56.6% were male; 6.2% were Black; 12.3% had cirrhosis; 4.3% had severe renal impairment or end stage renal disease; 20.0% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg per m2; 7.7% had HIV-1 coinfection and the median baseline HCV RNA level was 6.2 log10 IU/mL.
Table 8: SVR12 in adult subjects treatment-naïve and treatment-experienceda to peginterferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir with genotype 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 infection who received the recommended duration (pooled data from ENDURANCE-1b, SURVEYOR-1, –2, and EXPEDITION-1, 2 b , –4 and 8) ___________________________________________________________
| Genotype 1 | Genotype 2 | Genotype 4 | Genotype 5 | Genotype 6 | |
| SVR12 in subjects without cirrhosis | |||||
| 8 weeks | 99.2% (470/474) | 98.1% (202/206) | 95.2% (59/62) | 100% (2/2) | 92.3% (12/13) |
| Outcome for subjects without SVR12 | |||||
| On-treatment VF | 0.2% (1/474) | 0% (0/206) | 0% (0/62) | 0% (0/2) | 0% (0/13) |
| Relapsec | 0% (0/471) | 1.0% (2/204) | 0% (0/61) | 0% (0/2) | 0% (0/13) |
| Otherd | 0.6% (3/474) | 1.0% (2/206) | 4.8% (3/62) | 0% (0/2) | 7.7% (1/13) |
| SVR12 in subjects with cirrhosis | |||||
| 8 weeks | 97.8% (226/231) | 100% (26/26) | 100% (13/13) | 100% (1/1) | 100% (9/9) |
| 12 weeks | 96.8% (30/31) | 90.0% (9/10) | 100% (8/8) | --- | 100% (1/1) |
| Outcome for subjects without SVR12 | |||||
| On-treatment VF | 0% (0/262) | 0% (0/36) | 0% (0/21) | 0% (0/1) | 0% (0/10) |
| Relapsec | 0.4% (1/256) | 0% (0/35) | 0% (0/20) | 0% (0/1) | 0% (0/10) |
| Otherd | 1.9% (5/262) | 2.8% (1/36) | 0% (0/21) | 0% (0/1) | 0% (0/10) |
VF=virologic failure a. Percent of subjects with prior treatment experience to PRS is 26%, 14%, 24%, 0%, and 13% for genotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. None of the GT5 subjects were TE-PRS, and 3 GT6 subjects were TE-PRS.
b. Includes a total of 154 subjects coinfected with HIV-1 in ENDURANCE-1 and EXPEDITION-2 who received the recommended duration.
c. Relapse is defined as HCV RNA > LLOQ after end-of-treatment response among those who completed treatment.
d. Includes subjects who discontinued due to adverse event, lost to follow-up, or subject withdrawal.
Of the genotype 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, or 6-infected subjects with end stage renal disease enrolled in EXPEDITION-4, 97.8% (91/93) achieved SVR12 with no virologic failures.
Clinical Study in Subjects with Genotype 5 or 6 Infection
ENDURANCE-5,6 was an open-label study in 84 HCV GT5 (N=23) or 6-infected (N=61) TN or TE-PRS adult subjects. Subjects without cirrhosis received Maviret for 8 weeks, and subjects with compensated cirrhosis received Maviret for 12 weeks. Of the 84 subjects treated, the median age was 59 years (range 24–79); 27% had HCV genotype 5, 73% had HCV genotype 6; 54% were female, 30% were White, 68% were Asian; 90% were HCV TN; 11% had compensated cirrhosis.
The overall SVR12 rate was 97.6% (82/84). The SVR12 rate was 95.7% (22/23) for GT5-infected subjects and 98.4% (60/61) for GT6-infected subjects. One TN GT5-infected subject without cirrhosis experienced relapse, and one TN GT6-infected subject with compensated cirrhosis experienced on-treatment virologic failure.
Subjects with Genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6 Infection with Cirrhosis who received 8 weeks of Maviret The safety and efficacy of Maviret given for 8 weeks in GT 1, 2, 4, 5 or 6 treatment naive adult subjects with compensated cirrhosis was evaluated in a single-arm, open-label study (EXPEDITION-8).
Of the 280 subjects treated, the median age was 60 years (range: 34 to 88); 81.8% had HCV genotype 1, 10% had HCV genotype 2, 4.6% had HCV genotype 4, 0.4% had HCV genotype 5; 3.2% had HCV genotype 6; 60% were male; 9.6% were Black.
The overall SVR12 rate was 98.2% (275/280). There were no virologic failures.
Subjects with genotype 3 infection
The efficacy of Maviret in subjects who were treatment-naive or treatment-experienced to combinations of peginterferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir with genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C infection was demonstrated in the ENDURANCE-3 (treatment-naive adults without cirrhosis), EXPEDITION-8 (treatment-naive adults with cirrhosis), and SURVEYOR-2 Part 3 (adults with and without cirrhosis and/or treatment-experienced) clinical studies.
ENDURANCE-3 was a partially-randomised, open-label, active-controlled study in treatment-naive genotype 3-infected subjects. Subjects were randomised (2:1) to either Maviret for 12 weeks or the combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for 12 weeks; subsequently the study included a third arm (which was non-randomised) with Maviret for 8 weeks. EXPEDITION-8 was a single-arm, open-label study in treatment-naive subjects with compensated cirrhosis and genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 infection who received Maviret for 8 weeks. SURVEYOR-2 Part 3 was an open-label study that evaluated the efficacy of Maviret in treatment-experienced genotype 3-infected subjects without cirrhosis and with compensated cirrhosis for 16-weeks. Among treatment-experienced subjects, 46% (42/91) failed a previous regimen containing sofosbuvir.
Table 9: SVR12 in treatment-naïve, genotype 3-infected subjects without cirrhosis ( ENDURANCE-3)
| SVR | Maviret 8 weeks N=157 | Maviret 12 weeks N=233 | SOF+DCV 12 weeks N=115 |
| 94.9% (149/157) | 95.3% (222/233) | 96.5% (111/115) | |
| Treatment difference –1.2%; 95% confidence interval (-5.6% to 3.1%) | |||
| Treatment difference –0.4%; 97.5% confidence interval (-5.4% to 4.6%) | |||
| Outcome for subjects without SVR12 | |||
| On-treatment VF | 0.6% (1/157) | 0.4% (1/233) | 0% (0/115) |
| Relapse" | 3.3% (5/150) | 1.4% (3/222) | 0.9% (1/114) |
| Otherb | 1.3% (2/157) | 3.0% (7/233) | 2.6% (3/115) |
a. Relapse is defined as HCV RNA > LLOQ after end-of-treatment response among those who completed treatment.
b. Includes subjects who discontinued due to adverse event, lost to follow-up, or subject withdrawal.
In a pooled analysis of treatment naïve adult patients without cirrhosis (including Phase 2 and 3 data) where SVR12 was assessed according to the presence of baseline A30K, a numerically lower SVR12 rate was achieved in patients with A30K treated for 8 weeks as compared to those treated for 12 weeks [78% (14/18) vs 93% (13/14)].
Table 10: SVR12 in genotype 3-infected subjects with or without cirrhosis (SURVEYOR-2 Part
3 and EXPEDITION-8) _______________'_____________________________________
| Treatment-naïve with cirrhosis | Treatment-naïve with cirrhosis | Treatment-experienced with or without cirrhosis | |
| Maviret 8 weeks (N=63) | Maviret 12 weeks (N=40) | Maviret 16 weeks (N=69) | |
| SVR | 95.2% (60/63) | 97.5% (39/40) | 95.7% (66/69) |
| Outcome for subjects without SVR12 | |||
| On-treatment VF | 0% (0/63) | 0% (0/40) | 1.4% (1/69) |
| Relapse" | 1.6% (1/62) | 0% (0/39) | 2.9% (2/68) |
| Otherb | 3.2% (2/63) | 2.5% (1/40) | 0% (0/69) |
| SVR by cirrhosis status | |||
| No Cirrhosis | NA | NA | 95.5% (21/22) |
| Cirrhosis | 95.2% (60/63) | 97.5% (39/40) | 95.7% (45/47) |
a. Relapse is defined as HCV RNA > LLOQ after end-of-treatment response among those who completed treatment.
b. Includes subjects who discontinued due to adverse event, lost to follow-up, or subject withdrawal.
Of the genotype 3-infected subjects with end stage renal disease enrolled in EXPEDITION-4, 100% (11/11) achieved SVR12.
Subjects with genotype 3b infection
GT3b is a subtype reported in a relatively small number of HCV infected patients in China and a few countries in South and Southeast Asia, but rarely outside of this region. Studies VOYAGE-1 and VOYAGE-2 were conducted in China, Singapore, and South Korea in HCV genotype 1–6 adult subjects without cirrhosis (VOYAGE-1) or with compensated cirrhosis (VOYAGE-2) that were treatment-naive (TN) or treatment-experienced to combinations of interferon, peg-interferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir (TE-PRS). All subjects without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis received 8 or 12 weeks of Maviret, respectively, except GT3 TE-PRS subjects who received 16 weeks of Maviret. The overall SVR12 rates were 97.2% (352/362) and 99.4% (159/160) in VOYAGE-1 and VOYAGE-2, respectively.
Among GT3b subjects without cirrhosis, a numerically lower SVR12 rate of 58.3% (7/12) [62.5% (5/8) for TN subjects and 50% (2/4) for TE-PRS subjects] was observed compared to GT3a subjects without cirrhosis (92.9% (13/14)). Three GT3b TN subjects experienced relapse and two GT3b TE-PRS subjects experienced on-treatment virologic failure. Among subjects with compensated cirrhosis, the overall SVR12 rate for GT3b infected subjects was 87.5% (7/8) [85.7% (6/7) for TN subjects and 100% (1/1) for TE-PRS subjects] and 100% (6/6) for GT3a infected subjects. One GT3b TN subject experienced relapse.
Overall SVR12 Rate from the Clinical Studies in Treatment-Naive or Treatment-Experienced Adult Subjects with or without Cirrhosis
In subjects who are treatment-naive (TN) or treatment-experienced to combinations of interferon, peginterferon, ribavirin and/or sofosbuvir (TE-PRS) who received the recommended duration, 97.5% (1 395/1 431) achieved SVR12 overall, while 0.2% (3/1 431) experienced on-treatment virologic failure and 0.9% (12/1 407) experienced post-treatment relapse.
In TN or TE-PRS subjects with compensated cirrhosis who received the recommended duration, 97.1% (431/444) achieved SVR12 (among which 97.7% [335/343] of TN subjects achieved SVR12), while 0.2% (1/444) experienced on-treatment virologic failure and 0.9% (4/434) experienced posttreatment relapse.
In TN subjects without cirrhosis who received the recommended duration of 8 weeks, 97.5% (749/768) achieved SVR12, while 0.1% (1/768) experienced on-treatment virologic failure and 0.7% (5/755) experienced post-treatment relapse.
In TE-PRS subjects without cirrhosis who received the recommended duration, 98.2% (215/219) achieved SVR12, while 0.5% (1/219) experienced on-treatment virologic failure and 1.4% (3/218) experienced post-treatment relapse.
The presence of HIV-1 coinfection did not impact efficacy. The SVR12 rate in TN or TE-PRS HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects treated for 8 or 12 weeks (without cirrhosis and with compensated cirrhosis, respectively) was 98.2% (165/168) from ENDURANCE-1 and EXPEDITION-2. One subject experienced on-treatment virologic failure (0.6%, 1/168) and no subjects relapsed (0%, 0/166).
Clinical Study in Liver or Kidney Transplant Recipients
MAGELLAN-2 was a single-arm, open-label study in 100 post-liver or -kidney transplant HCV GT1–6 infected adult subjects without cirrhosis who received Maviret for 12 weeks. The study included subjects who were HCV treatment-naive or treatment-experienced to combinations of (peg) interferon, ribavirin, and/or sofosbuvir, with the exception of GT3-infected subjects who were all treatment-naive.
Of the 100 subjects treated, the median age was 60 years (range: 39 to 78); 57% had HCV genotype 1, 13% had HCV genotype 2, 24% had HCV genotype 3, 4% had HCV genotype 4, 2% had HCV genotype 6; 75% were male; 8% were Black; 66% were HCV treatment-naive; none had cirrhosis and 80% had a baseline fibrosis state of F0 or F1; 80% of subjects were post-liver transplant and 20% were post-kidney transplant. Immunosuppressants allowed for co-administration were ciclosporin <100 mg/day, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid, prednisone, and prednisolone.
The overall SVR12 rate in post-transplant subjects was 98.0% (98/100). There was one relapse and no on-treatment virologic failure.
Clinical Study in Renally Impaired Subjects
EXPEDITION-5 was an open-label study in 101 HCV GT1–6 infected adult subjects without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3b, 4, or 5. Subjects were either treatment-naive or treatment-experienced to combinations of (peg) interferon, ribavirin, and/or sofosbuvir and received Maviret for 8, 12, or 16 weeks per approved treatment durations.
Of the 101 subjects treated, the median age was 58 years (range 32–87); 53% had HCV genotype 1; 27% had HCV genotype 2; 15% had HCV genotype 3; 4% had HCV genotype 4; 59% were male; 73% were White; 80% were HCV treatment-naive; 13% had cirrhosis and 65% had a baseline fibrosis state of F0 or F1; 7% were CKD stage 3b; 17% were CKD Stage 4, and 76% were CKD Stage 5 (all receiving dialysis); 84 subjects received 8 weeks of treatment, 13 subjects received 12 weeks of treatment, and 4 subjects received 16 weeks of treatment.
The overall SVR12 rate was 97% (98/101). There were no virologic failures.
Durability of Sustained Virologic Response
In a long-term follow-up study (M13–576), 99.5% (374/376) of adult subjects who had achieved SVR12 in prior clinical studies of Maviret maintained SVR up to their last follow-up visit (median duration of follow-up: 35.5 months): 100%, 99.6%, and 95.8% of subjects who had received 8, 12, and 16 weeks of Maviret therapy, respectively. Among the 2 subjects who did not maintain SVR, 1 experienced a late relapse 390 days after Maviret therapy, and the other subject experienced reinfection with a different HCV genotype.
Elderly
Clinical studies of Maviret included 328 patients aged 65 and over (13.8% of the total number of subjects). The response rates observed for patients > 65 years of age were similar to that of patients < 65 years of age, across treatment groups.
Paediatric population
DORA (Part 1) was an open-label study to evaluate safety and efficacy in adolescents aged 12 years to less than 18 years who received Maviret 300 mg/120 mg (three 100 mg/40 mg film-coated tablets) for 8 or 16 weeks. 47 subjects were enrolled in DORA (Part 1). The median age was 14 years (range: 12 to 17); 79% had HCV genotype 1, 6% had HCV genotype 2, 9% had HCV genotype 3, 6% had HCV genotype 4; 55% were female; 11% were Black; 77% were HCV treatment-naive; 23% were treatment-experienced to interferon; 4% had HIV-coinfection; none had cirrhosis; the mean weight was 59 kg (range: 32 to 109).
The overall SVR12 rate was 100% (47/47). No subject experienced virologic failure.
Refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for Maviret granules for clinical trial data from DORA Part 2 which evaluated the safety and efficacy of weight-based dosing of Maviret granules for 8, 12 or 16 weeks in 80 children aged 3 years to less than 12 years.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The pharmacokinetic properties of the components of Maviret are provided in Table 11.
| Glecaprevir | Pibrentasvir | |
| Absorption | ||
| Tmax (h)a | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Effect of meal (relative to fasting)b | t 83–163% | t 40–53% |
| Distribution | ||
| % Bound to human plasma proteins | 97.5 | >99.9 |
| Blood-to-plasma ratio | 0.57 | 0.62 |
| Biotransformation | ||
| Metabolism | secondary | none |
| Elimination | ||
| Major route of elimination | Biliary excretion | Biliary excretion |
| t1/2 (h) at steady-state | 6–9 | 23 –29 |
| % of dose excreted in urinec | 0.7 | 0 |
| % of dose excreted in faecesc | 92.1d | 96.6 |
| Transport | ||
| Substrate of transporter | P-gp, BCRP, and OATP1B1/3 | P-gp and not excluded BCRP |
-
a. Median Tmax following single doses of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in healthy subjects.
-
b. Mean systemic exposure with moderate to high fat meals.
-
c. Single dose administration of [14C]glecaprevir or [14C]pibrentasvir in mass balance studies.
-
d. Oxidative metabolites or their byproducts accounted for 26% of radioactive dose. No glecaprevir metabolites were observed in plasma.
In patients with chronic hepatitis C infection without cirrhosis, following 3 days of monotherapy with either glecaprevir 300 mg per day (N=6) or pibrentasvir 120 mg per day (N=8) alone, geometric mean AUC24 values were 13 600 ng^h/mL for glecaprevir and 459 ng^h/mL for pibrentasvir. Estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters using population pharmacokinetic models has inherent uncertainty due to dose non-linearity and cross interaction between glecaprevir and pibrentasvir. Based on population pharmacokinetic models for Maviret in chronic hepatitis C patients, steady-state AUC24 values for glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were 4 800 and 1 430 ng^h/mL in subjects without cirrhosis (N=1 804), and 10 500 and 1 530 ng^h/mL in subjects with cirrhosis (N=280), respectively. Relative to healthy subjects (N=230), population estimates of AUC24, ss were similar (10% difference) for glecaprevir and 34% lower for pibrentasvir in HCV-infected patients without cirrhosis.
Linearity/non-linearity
Glecaprevir AUC increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner (1 200 mg QD had 516-fold higher exposure than 200 mg QD) which may be related to saturation of uptake and efflux transporters.
Pibrentasvir AUC increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner at doses up to 120 mg, (over 10-fold exposure increase at 120 mg QD compared to 30 mg QD), but exhibited linear pharmacokinetics at doses > 120 mg. The non-linear exposure increase <120 mg may be related to saturation of efflux transporters.
Pibrentasvir bioavailability when coadministered with glecaprevir is 3-fold of pibrentasvir alone. Glecaprevir is affected to a lower extent by coadministration with pibrentasvir.
Pharmacokinetics in special populations
Race/ethnicity
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required based on race or ethnicity.
Gender/weight
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required based on gender or body weight > 45 kg.
Elderly
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required in elderly patients. Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected subjects showed that within the age range (12 to 88 years) analysed, age did not have a clinically relevant effect on the exposure to glecaprevir or pibrentasvir.
Paediatric Population
No dose adjustment of Maviret is required in children 12 years and older or weighing at least 45 kg. Exposures of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in adolescents aged 12 to <18 years were comparable to those in adults from Phase 2/3 studies.
Maviret is available as a granule formulation for children 3 years to less than 12 years of age and weighing 12 kg to less than 45 kg and is dosed based on body weight. Children weighing 45 kg or more should use the tablet formulation. Because the formulations have different pharmacokinetic profiles, the tablets and the coated granules are not interchangeable.
The pharmacokinetics of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir have not been established in children <3 years of age or weighing under 12 kg.
Renal impairment
Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir AUC were increased < 56% in non-HCV infected subjects with mild, moderate, severe, or end-stage renal impairment not on dialysis compared to subjects with normal renal function. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir AUC were similar with and without dialysis (< 18% difference) in dialysis-dependent non-HCV infected subjects. In population pharmacokinetic analysis of HCV-infected subjects, 86% higher glecaprevir and 54% higher pibrentasvir AUC were observed for subjects with end stage renal disease, with or without dialysis, compared to subjects with normal renal function. Larger increases may be expected when unbound concentration is considered.
Overall, the changes in exposures of Maviret in HCV-infected subjects with renal impairment with or without dialysis were not clinically significant.
Hepatic impairment
At the clinical dose, compared to non-HCV infected subjects with normal hepatic function, glecaprevir AUC was 33% higher in Child-Pugh A subjects, 100% higher in Child-Pugh B subjects, and increased to 11-fold in Child-Pugh C subjects. Pibrentasvir AUC was similar in Child-Pugh A subjects, 26% higher in Child-Pugh B subjects, and 114% higher in Child-Pugh C subjects. Larger increases may be expected when unbound concentration is considered.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that following administration of Maviret in HCV-infected subjects with compensated cirrhosis, exposure of glecaprevir was approximately 2-fold and pibrentasvir exposure was similar to non-cirrhotic HCV-infected subjects. The mechanism for the differences between glecaprevir exposure in chronic Hepatitis C patients with or without cirrhosis is unknown.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo rodent micronucleus assays. Carcinogenicity studies with glecaprevir and pibrentasvir have not been conducted.
No effects on mating, female or male fertility, or early embryonic development were observed in rodents at up to the highest dose tested. Systemic exposures (AUC) to glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were approximately 63 and 102 times higher, respectively, than the exposure in humans at the recommended dose.
In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when the components of Maviret were administered separately during organogenesis at exposures up to 53 times (rats; glecaprevir) or 51 and 1.5 times (mice and rabbits, respectively; pibrentasvir) the human exposures at the recommended dose of Maviret. Maternal toxicity (anorexia, lower body weight, and lower body weight gain) with some embryofoetal toxicity (increase in post-implantation loss and number of resorptions and a decrease in mean foetal body weight), precluded the ability to evaluate glecaprevir in the rabbit at clinical exposures. There were no developmental effects with either compound in rodent peri/postnatal developmental studies in which maternal systemic exposures (AUC) to glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were approximately 47 and 74 times, respectively, the exposure in humans at the recommended dose. Unchanged glecaprevir was the main component observed in the milk of lactating rats without effect on nursing pups. Pibrentasvir was the only component observed in the milk of lactating rats without effect on nursing pups.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Copovidone (Type K 28)
Vitamin E (tocopherol) polyethylene glycol succinate
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Propylene glycol monocaprylate (Type II)
Croscarmellose sodium
Sodium stearyl fumarate
Film coating
Hypromellose 2910 (E464)
Lactose monohydrate
Titanium dioxide
Macrogol 3350
Iron oxide red (E172)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
-
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/PE/PCTFE aluminium foil blister packs.
Pack containing 84 (4 cartons of 21 tablets) film-coated tablets.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG
Knollstrasse
67061 Ludwigshafen
Germany
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
EU/1/17/1213/001
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 26 July 2017