LOPERAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE 2 MG CAPSULE HARD, NOUMED ACUTE DIARRHOEA RELIEF 2 MG CAPSULES HARD - summary of medicine characteristics

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Loperamide Hydrochloride 2mg Capsules, Hard

Noumed Acute Diarrhoea Relief 2mg Capsules, Hard

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains 2 mg Loperamide Hydrochloride

Excipients with known effect: Each capsule contains 138 mg lactose.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Capsule, hard (capsules)

Hard gelatin capsule of size ‘4’ filled with white to off white powder with grey cap and green body.

4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

For the symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhoea in adults and children aged 12 years and over.

For the symptomatic treatment of acute episodes of diarrhoea associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in adults aged 18 years and over following initial diagnosis by a doctor.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology

Acute Diarrhoea

Adults and children over 12:

Two capsules (4 mg) initially, followed by one capsule (2 mg) after each loose stool.

The total daily dose should not exceed 6 capsules (12 mg).

Symptomatic treatment of acute episodes of diarrhoea associated with irritable bowel syndrome in adults aged 18 years and over

Two capsules (4 mg) to be taken initially, followed by 1 capsule (2 mg) after every loose stool, or as previously advised by your doctor. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 6 capsules (12 mg).

Paediatric population

Loperamide is contraindicated in children less than 12 years of age.

Use in elderly

No dose adjustment is required for the elderly.

Renal Impairment

No dose adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

Although no pharmacokinetics data is available in patients with hepatic impairment, Loperamide should be used with caution in such patients because of reduced first pass metabolism (see 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use).

Method of administration

For oral use. The capsules should be taken with liquid.

4.3 Contraindications

This medicine is contraindicated:

hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

in children less than 12 years of age.

in patients with acute dysentery, which is characterised by blood in stools and high fever.

in patients with acute ulcerative colitis.

in patients with bacterial enterocolitis caused by invasive organisms including

Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter.

in patients with pseudomembranous colitis associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Loperamide must not be used when inhibition of peristalsis is to be avoided due to the possible risk of significant sequelae including ileus, megacolon and toxic megacolon. Loperamide must be discontinued promptly when ileus, constipation or abdominal distension develop.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Treatment of diarrhoea with Loperamide is only symptomatic. Whenever an underlying aetiology can be determined, specific treatment should be given when appropriate. The priority in acute diarrhoea is the prevention or reversal of fluid and electrolyte depletion. This is particularly important in young children and in frail and elderly patients with acute diarrhoea. Use of this medicine does not preclude the administration of appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy.

Since persistent diarrhoea can be an indicator of potentially more serious conditions, this medicine should not be used for prolonged periods until the underlying cause of the diarrhoea has been investigated.

In acute diarrhoea, if clinical improvement is not observed within 48 hours, the administration of Loperamide should be discontinued and patients should be advised to consult their doctor.

Patients with AIDS treated with this medicine for diarrhoea should have therapy stopped at the earliest signs of abdominal distension. There have been isolated reports of obstipation with an increased risk for toxic megacolon in AIDS patients with infectious colitis from both viral and bacterial pathogens treated with loperamide hydrochloride.

Although no pharmacokinetic data are available in patients with hepatic impairment, this medicine should be used with caution in such patients because of reduced first pass metabolism, as it may result in a relative overdose leading to CNS toxicity.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine because it contains lactose.

If patients are taking this medicine to control episodes of diarrhoea associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome previously diagnosed by their doctor, and clinical improvement is not observed within 48 hours, the administration of loperamide hydrochloride should be discontinued and they should consult with their doctor. Patients should also return to their doctor if the pattern of their symptoms changes or if the repeated episodes of diarrhoea continue for more than two weeks.

Cardiac events including QT interval and QRS complex prolongation and torsades de pointes have been reported in association with overdose. Some cases had a fatal outcome (see section 4.9). Patients should not exceed the recommended dose and/or the recommended duration of treatment.

Overdose can unmask existing Brugada syndrome.

Caution is needed in patients with a history of drug abuse. Loperamide is an opioid and addiction is observed with opioids as a class.

Special Warnings to be included on the leaflet:

Only take this medicine to treat acute episodes of diarrhoea associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome if your doctor has previously diagnosed IBS.

If any of the following now apply, do not use the product without first consulting your doctor, even if you know you have IBS:

If you are aged 40 or over and it is some time since your last IBS attack

If you are aged 40 or over and your IBS symptoms are different this time

If you have recently passed blood from the bowel

If you suffer from severe constipation

If you are feeling sick or vomiting

If you have lost your appetite or lost weight

If you have difficulty or pain passing urine

If you have a fever

If you have recently travelled abroad

Consult your doctor if you develop new symptoms, if your symptoms worsen, or your symptoms have not improved over two weeks.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Non-clinical data have shown that loperamide is a P-glycoprotein substrate. Concomitant administration of loperamide (16 mg single dose) with quinidine, or ritonavir, which are both P-glycoprotein inhibitors, resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in loperamide plasma levels. The clinical relevance of this pharmacokinetic interaction with P-glycoprotein inhibitors, when loperamide is given at recommended dosages, is unknown.

The concomitant administration of loperamide (4 mg single dose) and itraconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, resulted in a 3 to 4-fold increase in loperamide plasma concentrations. In the same study a CYP2C8 inhibitor, gemfibrozil, increased loperamide by approximately 2-fold. The combination of itraconazole and gemfibrozil resulted in a 4-fold increase in peak plasma levels of loperamide and a 13-fold increase in total plasma exposure. These increases were not associated with central nervous system (CNS) effects as measured by psychomotor tests (i.e., subjective drowsiness and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test).

The concomitant administration of loperamide (16 mg single dose) and ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, resulted in a 5-fold increase in loperamide plasma concentrations. This increase was not associated with increased pharmacodynamic effects as measured by pupillometry.

Concomitant treatment with oral desmopressin resulted in a 3-fold increase of desmopressin plasma concentrations, presumably due to slower gastrointestinal motility.

It is expected that drugs with similar pharmacological properties may potentiate loperamide’s effect and that drugs that accelerate gastrointestinal transit may decrease its effect.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Safety in human pregnancy has not been established, although from animal studies there are no indications that loperamide hydrochloride possesses any teratogenic or embryotoxic properties. As with other drugs, it is not advisable to administer loperamide in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.

Breast-feeding

Small amounts of loperamide may appear in human breast milk. Therefore, loperamide is not recommended during breast-feeding.

Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding should therefore be advised to consult their doctor for appropriate treatment.

Fertility

The effect on human fertility has not been evaluated.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Loss of consciousness, depressed level of consciousness, tiredness, dizziness or drowsiness may occur when diarrhoea is treated with this medicine. Therefore, it is advisable to exercise caution when operating machinery or driving a car following administration of Loperamide (see section 4.8. Undesirable Effects).

4.8 Undesirable effects

Adults and children aged > 12 years

The safety of loperamide hydrochloride was evaluated in 2755 adults and children aged > 12 years who participated in 26 controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials of loperamide hydrochloride used for the treatment of acute diarrhoea.

The most commonly reported (i.e., >1% incidence) adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in clinical trials with loperamide hydrochloride in acute diarrhoea were: constipation (2.7%), flatulence (1.7%), headache (1.2%) and nausea (1.1%).

Table 1 display ADRs that have been reported with the use of loperamide hydrochloride from either clinical trial (acute diarrhoea) or post-marketing experience.

The frequency categories use the following convention: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); and very rare (<1/10,000).

Table 1: Adverse Drug Reactions

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme, at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9 Overdose

Symptoms:

In case of overdose (including relative overdose due to hepatic dysfunction), CNS depression (stupor, coordination abnormality, somnolence, miosis, muscular hypertonia, and respiratory depression), constipation, urinary retention and ileus may occur. Children and patients with hepatic dysfunction may be more sensitive to CNS effects.

In individuals who have ingested overdoses of Loperamide Hydrochloride, cardiac events such as QT interval and QRS complex prolongation, torsades de pointes, other serious ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and syncope have been observed (see

section 4.4). Fatal cases have also been reported. Overdose can unmask existing Brugada syndrome.

Treatment:

In cases of overdose, ECG monitoring for QT interval prolongation should be initiated.

If CNS symptoms of overdose occur, naloxone can be given as an antidote. Since the duration of action of Loperamide is longer than that of naloxone (1 to 3 hours), repeated treatment with naloxone might be indicated. Therefore, the patient should be monitored closely for at least 48 hours in order to detect possible CNS depression.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antipropulsives; ATC code: A07DA03

Loperamide binds to the opiate receptor in the gut wall, reducing propulsive peristalsis, increasing intestinal transit time and enhancing resorption of water and electrolytes. Loperamide increases the tone of the anal sphincter, which helps reduce faecal incontinence and urgency.

In a double-blind randomised clinical trial in 56 patients with acute diarrhoea receiving loperamide, onset of anti-diarrhoeal action was observed within one hour following a single 4 mg dose. Clinical comparisons with other antidiarrhoeal drugs confirmed this exceptionally rapid onset of action of loperamide.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption: Most ingested loperamide is absorbed from the gut, but as a result of significant first pass metabolism, systemic bioavailability is only approximately 0.3%.

Distribution: Studies on distribution in rats show a high affinity for the gut wall with a preference for binding to receptors of the longitudinal muscle layer. The plasma protein binding of loperamide is 95%, mainly to albumin. Non-clinical data have shown that loperamide is a P-glycoprotein substrate.

Metabolism: loperamide is almost completely extracted by the liver, where it is predominantly metabolised, conjugated and excreted via the bile. Oxidative N-demethylation is the main metabolic pathway for loperamide and is mediated mainly through CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. Due to this very high first pass effect, plasma concentrations of unchanged drug remain extremely low.

Elimination: The half-life of loperamide in man is about 11 hours with a range of 914 hours. Excretion of the unchanged loperamide and the metabolites mainly occurs through the faeces.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Acute and chronic studies on loperamide showed no specific toxicity. Results of in vivo and in vitro studies carried out indicated that loperamide is not genotoxic. In reproduction studies, very high dose (40 mg/kg/day – 240 times the maximum human use level) loperamide impaired fertility and foetal survival in association with maternal toxicity in rats. Lower doses (> 10mg/kg/day – 5 times MHUL) had no effects on maternal or foetal health and did not affect peri- and post-natal development.

Non-clinical in vitro and in vivo evaluation of loperamide indicates no significant cardiac electrophysio­logical effects within its therapeutically relevant concentration range and at significant multiples of this range (up to 47-fold. However, at extremely high concentrations associated with overdoses (see section 4.4), loperamide has cardiac electrophysio­logical actions consisting of inhibition of potassium (hERG) and sodium currents, and arrhythmias.

6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Lactose Monohydrate

Capsule shell

Brilliant Blue (E133)

Iron Oxide (E172)

Titanium Dioxide (E171)

Gelatin

Purified water

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

3 years

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Alu-PVC clear film Blister in pack sizes of 4 and 6 capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

No special requirements. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Noumed Life Sciences Limited,

Noumed House, Shoppenhangers

Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire

SL6 2RB,

United Kingdom.

8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 44041/0056

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

13/01/2021