Summary of medicine characteristics - GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE 200 MICROGRAMS / ML SOLUTION FOR INJECTION
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Glycopyrronium Bromide 200 micrograms per ml Solution for Injection
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each ml of injection contains 200 micrograms (0.2mg) of Glycopyrronium Bromide.
Each 3ml of injection contains 600 micrograms (0.6mg) of Glycopyrronium Bromide.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Solution for Injection
Clear and colourless solution
pH 2.0–3.0
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
To protect against the peripheral muscarinic actions of anticholinesterases such as neostigmine, used to reverse residual neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarising muscle relaxants.
As a pre-operative antimuscarinic agent to reduce salivary tracheobronchial and pharyngeal secretions.
As a pre-operative or intra-operative antimuscarinic to attenuate or prevent intra-operative bradycardia associated with the use of Suxamethonium or due to cardiac vagal reflexes.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection is a sterile solution for intravenous or intramuscular administration.
Premedication
Adults, adolescents over 12 years old and elderly patients:
200 to 400 micrograms (0.2mg to 0.4mg) intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anaesthesia. Alternatively, a dose of 4 to 5 micrograms/kg (0.004 to 0.005mg/kg) up to a maximum of 400 micrograms (0.4mg) may be used. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect which may be unpleasant for the patient.
When Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection is administered intramuscularly it should be used 30–60 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia
Paediatric population (1 month to 12 years of age):
4 to 8 micrograms/kg (0.004 to 0.008mg/kg) up to a maximum of 200 micrograms (0.2mg) intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anaesthesia. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect which may be unpleasant for the patient.
Intra-operative use
Adults ,adolescents over 12 years old and elderly patients:
A single dose of 200 to 400 micrograms (0.2 to 0.4mg) by intravenous injection should be used. Alternatively, a single dose of 4 to 5 micrograms/kg (0.004 to 0.005mg/kg) up to a maximum of 400 micrograms (0.4mg) may be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
Paediatric population (1 month to 12 years of age):
A single dose of 200 micrograms (0.2mg) by intravenous injection should be used. Alternatively, a single dose of 4 to 8 micrograms/kg by intravenous injection (0.004 to 0.008mg/kg) up to a maximum of 200 micrograms (0.2mg) may be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
Reversal of residual non-depolarising neuromuscular block
Adults, adolescents over 12 years old and elderly patients:
200 micrograms (0.2mg) intravenously per 1000 micrograms (1mg) of neostigmine, alternatively, a dose of 10 to 15 micrograms/kg (0.01 to 0.015mg/kg) intravenously with 50 micrograms/kg (0.05mg/kg) neostigmine or equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; as there are greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
Paediatric population (1 month to 12 years of age):
10 micrograms/kg (0.01mg/kg) intravenously with 50 micrograms/kg (0.05mg/kg) Neostigmine or equivalent dose of pyridostigmine.
Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; as there are greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
Renal impairment
Dose reduction should be considered in patients with renal impairment (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to Glycopyrronium Bromide or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
In common with other antimuscarinics: angle-closure glaucoma; myasthenia gravis (large doses of quaternary ammonium compounds have been shown to block end plate nicotinic receptors); paralytic ileus; pyloric stenosis; prostatic enlargement.
Anticholinesterase-antimuscarinic combinations such as neostigmine plus glycopyrronium should be avoided in patients with a prolonged QT interval.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Antimuscarinics should be used with caution (due to increased risk of side effects) in Down's syndrome, in children and in the elderly.
They should also be used with caution in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, acute myocardial infarction, thyrotoxicosis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, conditions characterised by tachycardia (including hyperthyroidism, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac surgery) because of the increase in heart rate produced by their administration, coronary artery disease and cardiac arrhythmias, pyrexia (due to inhibition of sweating), pregnancy and breast feeding. As Glycopyrronium Bromide inhibits sweating, patients with increased temperature (especially children) should be observed closely.
Because of prolongation of renal elimination, repeated or large doses of glycopyrronium should be avoided in patients with uraemia.
Anticholinergic drugs can cause ventricular arrhythmias when administered during inhalation anaesthesia especially in association with the halogenated hydrocarbons.
Unlike atropine, glycopyrronium bromide is a quaternary ammonium compound and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It is therefore less likely to cause postoperative confusion which is a particular concern in the elderly patients. Compared to atropine, glycopyrronium has reduced cardiovascular and ocular effects.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23mg) per dose, i.e. essentially ‘sodium free’.
The duration of effect of Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection may be prolonged in patients with renal impairment since glycopyrrolate is excreted mostly in urine as unchanged drug. Dosage adjustment may be needed for patients with renal impairment.
The injection can increase the tachycardia effect of sympathomimetic medicinal products
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Many drugs have antimuscarinic effects; concomitant use of two or more of such drugs can increase side-effects such as dry mouth, urine retention and constipation. Concomitant use can also lead to confusion in the elderly.
Anticholinergic agents may delay absorption of other medication given concomitantly.
Concurrent administration of anticholingergics and corticosteroids may result in increased intraocular pressure.
Concurrent use of antocholinergic agents with slow-dissolving tablets of digoxin may cause increased serum digoxin levels.
Ritodrine: tachycardia
Increased antimuscarinic side-effects: amantadine; tricyclic antidepressants; antihistamines; clozapine; disopyramaide; MAOIs; nefopam; pethidine; phenothiazines (increased antimuscarinic side effects of phenothiazines but reduced plasma concentrations)
Domperidone/Metoclopramide: antagonism of effect on gastro-intestinal activity Ketoconazole: reduced absorption of ketoconazole
Levodopa: absorption of levodopa possibly reduced
Memantine: effects possibly enhanced by memantine
Nitrates: possibly reduced effect of sublingual nitrates (failure to dissolve under the tongue owing to dry mouth)
Parasympathomimetics: antagonism of effect
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy:
There are no data from the use of Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection in pregnant women. Animal studies for glycopyrronium bromide are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Use of Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection is not recommended during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding:
It is unknown whether glycopyrronium is excreted in human milk. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection therapy taking into account the benefit of breast feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
Human data concerning effects of glycopyrronium bromide on fertility are not available.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Glycopyrronium Bromide 200 micrograms/ml Injection is used in anaesthesia. It is not anticipated that patients will be driving or operating machinery under its influence. However, systemic administration of antimuscarinics may cause blurred vision, dizziness and other effects that may impair a patient's ability to perform skilled tasks such as driving. These activities should not be undertaken until any disturbance of visual accommodation or balance has resolved.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Side effects of antimuscarinics such as Glycopyrronium Bromide are basically extensions of the fundamental pharmacological actions.
Adverse reactions listed by System Organ Class. Frequencies are defined using the following convention: very common: (>1/10); common (>1/100, <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100); rare (>1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); Not known: cannot be estimated from the available data
Tabulated list of adverse reactions:
| System organ class | Adverse reaction | Frequency |
| Immune system disorders | Hypersensitivity Angioedema | Not known |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Dry mouth | Very common |
| Constipation Nausea Vomiting | Not known | |
| Renal and urinary disorder | Urinary retention | Common – Very common |
| Urinary urgency Micturition disorder | Not known | |
| Nervous system disorders | Drowsiness | Common – Very common |
| Confusion Dizziness | Not known | |
| Eye disorders | Visual disturbances | Common – Very common |
| Angle closure glaucoma | Very rare | |
| Accommodation disorder Photophobia | Not known |
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia, palpitation and arrhythmias | Common – Very common |
| Transient bradycardia | Not known | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Bronchial secretion retention | Not known |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Flushing Dry skin Anhidrosis | Not known |
particularly in the elderly
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the the Yellow Card Scheme: Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
4.9 OverdoseSymptoms
Since glycopyrronium is a quaternary ammonium agent, symptoms of overdosage are peripheral rather than central in nature.
Treatment
To combat the peripheral anticholinergic effects of glycopyrronium a quaternary ammonium anticholinesterase such as neostigmine methylsulfate may be given in a dose of 1000 micrograms (1.0mg) for each 1000 micrograms (1.0mg) of Glycopyrronium Bromide known to have been administered by the parenteral route.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Glycopyrronium bromide (ATC Code: A03AB02) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic with peripheral effects similar to those of atropine. It is used similarly to atropine in anaesthetic practice. Given as a premedicant before general anaesthesia, it diminishes the risk of vagal inhibition of the heart and reduces salivary and bronchial secretions. Intra-operatively, it may be given to reduce bradycardia and hypotension induced by drugs such as suxamethonium, halothane or propofol.
Glycopyrronium bromide may be used before, or with, anticholinesterases such as neostigmine to prevent their muscarinic adverse effects.
Antimuscarinic drugs are competitive inhibitors of the actions of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors of autonomic effector sites innervated by parasympathetic (cholinergic postganglionic) nerves, as well as being inhibitors of the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle lacking cholinergic innervation.
Peripheral antimuscarinic effects that are produced as the dose increases are: decreased production of secretions from the salivary, bronchial and sweat glands; dilatation of the pupils (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cyclopegia); increased heart rate; inhibition of micturition and reduction in gastrointestinal tone; inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are sparingly lipid soluble and do not readily pass lipid membranes such as the blood-brain barrier. Central effects are negligible.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Following intravenous administration, onset of action occurs within one minute, with peak activity at around 5 minutes.
Following intramuscular injection, maximum plasma concentration and onset of action of Glycopyrronium Bromide is achieved within 30 minutes. Peak effects occur after approximately 30 – 45 minutes; vagal blocking effects last for 2 – 3 hours and antisialagogue effects persist for 7 – 8 hours. There is a faster absorption rate when Glycopyrronium Bromide is injected into the deltoid muscle rather than into the gluteal or vastus lateralis muscles.
Distribution
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Glycopyrronium Bromide remain below detection level up to one hour after therapeutic dosing.
Elimination
Following either intravenous or intramuscular administration, 50% of Glycopyrronium Bromide is excreted in the urine in 3 hours in non-uraemic individuals; renal elimination is considerably prolonged in patients with uraemia. Appreciable amounts are excreted in bile. In 48 hours, 85% has been excreted into the urine. About 80% of the excreted amount is as unchanged Glycopyrronium Bromide or active metabolites. Although the elimination half-life of Glycopyrronium Bromide from plasma is within 75 minutes, quantifiable levels may remain up to 8 hours after administration.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Water for Injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection has been shown to be physically incompatible with the following agents commonly used in anaesthetic practice: diazepam, dimenhydrinate, methohexital sodium, pentazocine, pentobarbital sodium and thiopental sodium.
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
2 years
Once opened, use immediately and discard any remaining contents
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear Type I glass ampoules: 10 × 1ml ampoules or 10 × 3ml ampoules packed in a cardboard carton.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
6.6 Special precautions for disposalFor single use only. Discard any remaining contents after use.
Glycopyrronium Bromide Injection has been shown to be physically compatible with the following agents commonly used in anaesthetic practice: butorphanol, lorazepam, droperidol and fentanyl citrate, levorphanol tartrate, pethidine hydrochloride, morphine sulphate, neostigmine, promethazine and pyridostigmine.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Martindale Pharmaceuticals Ltd
T/A Martindale Pharma
Bampton Road
Harold Hill
Romford
Essex
RM3 8UG
UK
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 00156/0115
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THEAUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation in: 7th September 2007