Fluconazole 200mg Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for healthcare professionals

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Fluconazole 200mg Capsules

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains 200mg of fluconazole.

Excipients with known effect: Fluconazole Capsules contain 209.56mg of lactose monohydrate.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Capsule, hard.

Fluconazole 200mg Capsules have a white body and cap.

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Fluconazole is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by fungi that are known or likely to be fluconazole susceptible.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

For oral administration.

The daily dose of Fluconazole capsules should be based on the nature and severity of the fungal infection. Most cases of vaginal candidiasis respond to single dose therapy. Therapy for those types of infections requiring multiple dose treatment should be continued until clinical parameters or laboratory tests indicate that active fungal infection has subsided. An inadequate period of treatment may lead to recurrence of active infection. Patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis usually require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse.

Use Adults

1. 1. Candidal vaginitis or balanitis - 150mg as a single oral dose.
2. 2.

   Mucosal Candidiasis Oropharyngeal candidiasis - the usual dose is 50mg once daily for 7 - 14 days. Treatment should not normally exceed 14 days except in severely immunocompromised patients.

   For atrophic oral candidiasis associated with dentures - the usual dose is 50mg once daily for 14 days administered concurrently with local antiseptic measures to the denture.

   For other candidal infections of mucosa except genital candidiasis (see above), e.g. oesophagitis, non-invasive bronchopulmonary infections, candiduria, mucocutaneous candidiasis etc., the usual effective dose is 50mg daily, given for 14 - 30 days.

   In unusually difficult cases of mucosal candidal infections the dose may be increased to 100mg daily.

3. 3. For verified skin infections, tinea pedis, corporis, cruris, versicolor and dermal Candida infections, the recommended dosage is 50mg once daily. Duration of treatment is normally 2 to 4 weeks but tinea pedis may require treatment for up to 6 weeks. Duration of treatment should not exceed 6 weeks.
4. 4. For candidaemia, disseminated candidiasis and other invasive candidal infections the usual dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg daily. Depending on the clinical response the dose may be increased to 400mg daily. Duration of treatment is based upon the clinical response.
5. 5.

   For cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcal infections at other sites, the usual dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg - 400mg once daily. Duration of treatment for cryptococcal infections will depend on the clinical and mycological response, but is usually at least 6-8 weeks for cryptococcal meningitis.

   For the prevention of relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS, after the patient receives a full course of primary therapy, Fluconazole capsules may be administered indefinitely at a daily dose of 100 - 200mg.

6. 6. For the prevention of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients considered at risk as a consequence of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the dose should be 50 to 400mg once daily, based on the patient's risk for developing fungal infection. For patients at high risk of systemic infection, e.g. patients who are anticipated to have profound or prolonged neutropenia such as during bone marrow transplantation, the recommended dose is 400mg once daily. Fluconazole capsules administration should start several days before the anticipated onset of neutropenia, and continue for 7 days after the neutrophil count rises above 1000 cells per mm3.

Children

As with similar infections in adults, the duration of treatment is based on the clinical and mycological response. The maximum daily dose in children is 400mg as a single daily dose and this dose should not be exceeded.

The capsules are unsuitable for children who cannot take oral medication. Also the required dose in mg/kg often cannot be achieved with capsules.

Children over 4 weeks:

Mucous membrane candidiasis: the recommended dosage of fluconazole is 3mg/kg daily. A loading dose of 6mg/kg may be used on the first day to achieve steady state levels more rapidly.

Systemic candidiasis and cryptococcal infections: 6-12 mg/kg daily, depending on the severity of disease.

Prevention of candida infections in neutropenic children: 3-12 mg/kg daily depending on the extent and duration of the neutropenia (see adult dosing).

Despite extensive data supporting the use of Fluconazole capsule in children there are limited data available on the use of Fluconazole for genital candidiasis in children below 16 years. Use at present is not recommended unless antifungal treatment is imperative and no suitable alternative agent exists.

Children four weeks of age and younger Neonates excrete fluconazole slowly. In the first two weeks of life, the same mg/kg dosing as in older children should be used but administered every 72 hours. During weeks 3 and 4 of life, the same dose should be given every 48 hours.

A maximum dosage of 12mg/kg every 72 hours should not be exceeded in children in the first two weeks of life. For children between 3 and 4 weeks of life, 12mg/kg every 48 hours should not be exceeded.

To facilitate accurate measurement of doses less than 10mg, Fluconazole capsules should only be administered to children in hospital using the 50mg/5ml suspension orally or the intravenous infusion, depending on the clinical condition of the child. A suitable measuring device should be used for administration of the suspension. Once reconstituted the suspension should not be further diluted.

Use in the elderly

The normal dose should be used if there is no evidence of renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 50ml/min) the dosage schedule should be adjusted as described below.

Use in patients with impaired renal function

Fluconazole is excreted predominantly in the urine as unchanged drug. No adjustments in single dose therapy are required. In patients (including children) with impaired renal function who will receive multiple doses of Fluconazole capsules, the normal recommended dose (according to indication) should be given on day 1, followed by a daily dose based on the following table:

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to related azole substances, or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

Co-administration of terfenadine is contraindicated in patients receiving Fluconazole at multiple doses of 400 mg per day or higher based upon results of a multiple dose interaction study.

Co-administration of other medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval and which are metabolised via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 such as cisapride, astemizole, pimozide, quinidine, amiodarone and erythromycin are contraindicated in patients receiving fluconazole (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5).

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Tinea capitis

Fluconazole has been studied for treatment of tinea capitis in children. It was shown not to be superior to griseofulvin and the overall success rate was less than 20%. Therefore, Fluconazole should not be used for tinea capitis.

Cryptococcosis

The evidence for efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis of other sites (e.g. pulmonary and cutaneous cryptococcosis) is limited, which prevents dosing recommendations.

Deep endemic mycoses

The evidence for efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of other forms of endemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis, lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis is limited, which prevents specific dosing recommendations.

Renal system

Fluconazole should be administered with caution to patients with renal dysfunction (see section 4.2).

Adrenal insufficiency

Ketoconazole is known to cause adrenal insufficiency, and this could also although rarely seen be applicable to fluconazole. Adrenal insufficiency relating to concomitant treatment with prednisone, see section 4.5 the effect of fluconazole on other medicinal products.

Hepatobiliary system

Fluconazole should be administered with caution to patients with liver dysfunction. Fluconazole has been associated with rare cases of serious hepatic toxicity including fatalities, primarily in patients with serious underlying medical conditions. In cases of fluconazole associated hepatotoxicity, no obvious relationship to total daily dose, duration of therapy, sex or age of patient has been observed. Fluconazole hepatotoxicity has usually been reversible on discontinuation of therapy.

Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during fluconazole therapy must be monitored closely for the development of more serious hepatic injury.

The patient should be informed of suggestive symptoms of serious hepatic effect (important asthenia, anorexia, persistent nausea, vomiting and jaundice). Treatment of fluconazole should be immediately discontinued and the patient should consult a physician.

Cardiovascular system

Some azoles, including fluconazole, have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. Fluconazole causes QT prolongation via the inhibition of Rectifier Potassium Channel current (Ikr). The QT prolongation caused by other medicinal products (such as amiodarone) may be amplified via the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. During post-marketing surveillance, there have been very rare cases of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes in patients taking Fluconazole. These reports included seriously ill patients with multiple confounding risk factors, such as structural heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities and concomitant treatment that may have been contributory.

Patients with hypokalaemia and advanced cardiac failure are at an increased risk for the occurrence of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and torsades de pointes.

Fluconazole should be administered with caution to patients with these potentially proarrhythmic conditions. Co-administration of other medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval and which are metabolised via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 are contraindicated (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).

Halofantrine

Halofantrine has been shown to prolong QTc interval at the recommended therapeutic dose and is a substrate of CYP3A4. The concomitant use of fluconazole and halofantrine is therefore not recommended (see section 4.5).

Dermatological reactions

Patients have rarely developed exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, during treatment with fluconazole. AIDS patients are more prone to the development of severe cutaneous reactions to many medicinal products. If a rash, which is considered attributable to fluconazole, develops in a patient treated for a superficial fungal infection, further therapy with this medicinal product should be discontinued. If patients with invasive/systemic fungal infections develop rashes, they should be monitored closely and fluconazole discontinued if bullous lesions or erythema multiforme develop. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) has been reported.

Hypersensitivity

In rare cases anaphylaxis has been reported (see section 4.3).

Cytochrome P450

Fluconazole is a moderate CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 inhibitor. Fluconazole is also a strong inhibitor of CYP2C19. Fluconazole treated patients who are concomitantly treated with medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic window metabolised through CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, should be monitored (see section 4.5).

Terfenadine

The co-administration of fluconazole at doses lower than 400 mg per day with terfenadine should be carefully monitored (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).

Candidiasis:

Studies have shown an increasing prevalence of infections with Candida species other than C.albicans. These are often inherently resistant (e.g. C.krusei and C.auris) or show reduced susceptibility to fluconazole (C.glabrata). Such infections may require alternative antifungal therapy secondary to treatment failure. Therefore, prescribers are advised to take into account the prevalence of resistance in various Candida species to fluconazole.

Excipients

Capsules contain lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Fluconazole contain less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per capsule, that is to say essentially ‘sodium-free’.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products is contraindicated:

Cisapride: There have been reports of cardiac events including torsades de pointes in patients to whom fluconazole and cisapride were co- administered. A controlled study found that concomitant fluconazole 200 mg once daily and cisapride 20 mg four times a day yielded a significant increase in cisapride plasma levels and prolongation of QTc interval. Concomitant treatment with fluconazole and cisapride is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Terfenadine: Because of the occurrence of serious cardiac dysrhythmias secondary to prolongation of the QTc interval in patients receiving azole antifungals in conjunction with terfenadine, interactions studies have been performed. One study at a 200mg daily dose of fluconazole failed to demonstrate a prolongation in QTc interval. Another study at a 400mg and 800mg daily dose of fluconazole demonstrated that fluconazole taken in multiple doses of 400mg per day or greater significantly increased plasma levels of terfenadine when taken concomitantly, the combined use of fluconazole at doses of 400 mg or greater with terfenadine is contraindicated (see section 4.3). The co-administration of fluconazole at doses lower than 400 mg per day with terfenadine should be carefully monitored.

Astemizole: Concomitant administration of fluconazole with astemizole may decrease the clearance of astemizole.

Resulting increased plasma concentrations of astemizole can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsades de pointes. Co- administration of fluconazole and astemizole is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Pimozide: Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of fluconazole with pimozide may result in inhibition of pimozide metabolism. Increased pimozide plasma concentrations can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Co- administration of fluconazole and pimozide is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Quinidine: Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of fluconazole with quinidine may result in inhibition of quinidine metabolism. Use of quinidine has been associated with QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsades de pointes. Co- administration of fluconazole and quinidine is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Erythromycin: Concomitant use of fluconazole and erythromycin has the potential to increase the risk of cardiotoxicity (prolonged QT interval, Torsades de Pointes) and consequently sudden heart death. Co- administration of fluconazole and erythromycin is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products cannot be recommended:

Halofantrine Fluconazole can increase halofantrine plasma concentration due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4. Concomitant use of fluconazole and halofantrine has the potential to increase the risk of cardiotoxicity (prolonged QT interval, torsades de pointes) and consequently sudden heart death. This combination should be avoided (see section 4.4).

Concomitant use that should be used with caution:

Amiodarone: Concomitant administration of fluconazole with amiodarone may result increase QT prolongation. Caution must be exercised if the concomitant use of fluconazole and amiodarone is necessary, notably with high dose fluconazole (800mg).

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products lead to precautions and dose adjustments:

The effect of other medical products on fluconazole:

Hydrochlorothiazide: In a Pharmacokinetic interaction study, co-administration of multiple- dose hydrochlorothiazide to healthy volunteers receiving fluconazole increased plasma concentrations of fluconazole by 40%. An effect of this magnitude should not necessitate a change in the fluconazole dose regimen in subjects receiving concomitant diuretics.

Rifampicin: Concomitant administration of fluconazole and rifampicin resulted in a 25% decrease in the AUC and 20% shorter half-life of fluconazole. In patients receiving concomitant rifampicin, an increase in the fluconazole dose should be considered. Interaction studies have shown that when oral fluconazole is co-administered with food, cimetidine, antacids or following total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation, no clinically significant impairment of fluconazole absorption occurs.

The effect of fluconazole on the other medicinal products:

Fluconazole is a moderate inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme 2C9 and 3A4.

Fluconazole is also a strong inhibitor of the isozyme CYP2C19. In addition to the observed/documented interactions mentioned below, there is a risk of increased plasma concentration of other compounds metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 co-administered with fluconazole. Therefore caution should be exercised when using these combinations and the patients should be carefully monitored. The enzyme inhibiting effect of fluconazole persists 4- 5 days after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment due to the long half- life of fluconazole (see section 4.3).

Abrocitinib: Fluconazole (inhibitor of CYP2C19, 2C9, 3A4) increased exposure of abrocitinib active moiety by 155%. If co-administered with fluconazole, adjust the dose of abrocitinib as instructed in the abrocitinib prescribing information.

Alfentanil: During concomitant treatment with fluconazole (400 mg) and intravenous alfentanil (20 µg/kg) in healthy volunteers the alfentanil AUC₁₀ increased 2-fold, probably through inhibition of CYP3A4. Dose adjustment of alfentanil may be necessary.

Amitriptyline, nortriptyline: Fluconazole increases the effect of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. 5-nortriptyline and/or S-amitriptyline may be measured at initiation of the combination therapy and after one week. Dose of amitriptyline/nortriptyline should be adjusted, if necessary.

Amphotericin B: Concurrent administration of fluconazole and amphotericin B in infected normal and immunosuppressed mice showed the following results: a small additive antifungal effect in systemic infection with C. albicans, no interaction in intracranial infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, and antagonism of the two drugs in systemic infection with A. fumigatus. The clinical significance of results obtained in these studies is unknown.

Anticoagulants: In post-marketing experience, as with other azole antifungals, bleeding events (bruising, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, haematuria, and melena) have been reported, in association with increases in prothrombin time in patients receiving fluconazole concurrently with warfarin. During concomitant treatment with fluconazole and warfarin the prothrombin time was prolonged up to 2-fold, probably due to an inhibition of the warfarin metabolism through CYP2C9. In patients receiving coumarin-type or indanedione anticoagulants concurrently with fluconazole the prothrombin time should be carefully monitored. Dose adjustment of the anticoagulant may be necessary.

Benzodiazepines (short acting), i.e. midazolam, triazolam: Following oral administration of midazolam, fluconazole resulted in substantial increases in midazolam concentrations and psychomotor effects. Concomitant intake of fluconazole 200 mg and midazolam 7.5 mg orally increased the midazolam AUC and half-life 3.7-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. Fluconazole 200 mg daily given concurrently with triazolam 0.25 mg orally increased the triazolam AUC and half-life 4.4-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. Potentiated and prolonged effects of triazolam have been observed at concomitant treatment with fluconazole. If concomitant benzodiazepine therapy is necessary in patients being treated with fluconazole, consideration should be given to decreasing the benzodiazepine dose, and the patients should be appropriately monitored.

Carbamazepine: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of carbamazepine and an increase in serum carbamazepine of 30% has been observed. There is a risk of developing carbamazepine toxicity. Dosage adjustment of carbamazepine may be necessary depending on concentration measurements/effect.

Calcium channel blockers: Certain calcium channel antagonists (nifedipine, isradipine, amlodipine, verapamil and felodipine) are metabolized by CYP3A4. Fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of the calcium channel antagonists. Frequent monitoring for adverse events is recommended.

Celecoxib: During concomitant treatment with fluconazole (200 mg daily) and celecoxib (200 mg) the celecoxib C_max and AUC increased by 68% and 134%, respectively. Half of the celecoxib dose may be necessary when combined with fluconazole.

Cyclophosphamide: Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and fluconazole results in an increase in serum bilirubin and serum creatinine. The combination may be used while taking increased consideration to the risk of increased serum bilirubin and serum creatinine.

Fentanyl:

One fatal case of fentanyl intoxication due to possible fentanyl fluconazole interaction was reported.

Furthermore, it was shown in healthy volunteers that fluconazole delayed the elimination of fentanyl significantly. Elevated fentanyl concentration may lead to respiratory depression. Patients should be monitored closely for the potential risk of respiratory depression. Dosage adjustment of fentanyl may be necessary.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors:

The risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis increases when fluconazole is Co-administered with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors metabolised through CYP3A4, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, or through CYP2C9, such as fluvastatin (decreased hepatic metabolism of the statin). If concomitant therapy is necessary, the patient should be observed for symptoms of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis and creatine kinase should be monitored. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors should be discontinued if a marked increase in creatine kinase is observed or myopathy/rhabdomyolysis is diagnosed or suspected. Lower doses of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may be necessary as instructed in the statins prescribing information.

Ibrutinib: Moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as fluconazole increase plasma ibrutinib concentrations and may increase risk of toxicity. If the combination cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of ibrutinib to 280 mg once daily (two capsules) for the duration of the inhibitor use and provide close clinical monitoring.

Ivacaftor (alone or combined with drugs in the same therapeutic class): Co-administration with ivacaftor, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator, increased ivacaftor exposure by 3-fold and hydroxymethylivacaftor (M1) exposure by 1.9-fold.

A reduction of the ivacaftor (alone or combined) dose is necessary as instructed in the ivacaftor (alone or combined) prescribing information.

Olaparib: Moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as fluconazole increase olaparib plasma concentrations; concomitant use is not recommended. If the combination cannot be avoided, limit the dose of olaparib to 200mg twice daily.

Immunosuppresors (i.e. ciclosporin, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus):

Ciclosporin: Fluconazole significantly increases the concentration and AUC of ciclosporin. During concomitant treatment with fluconazole 200 mg daily and ciclosporin (2.7 mg/kg/day) there was a 1.8-fold increase in ciclosporin AUC. This combination may be used by reducing the dose of ciclosporin depending on ciclosporin concentration.

Everolimus: Although not studied in vivo or in vitro, fluconazole may increase serum concentrations of everolimus through inhibition of CYP3A4.

Sirolimus: Fluconazole increases plasma concentrations of sirolimus presumably by inhibiting the metabolism of sirolimus via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. This combination may be used with a dose adjustment of sirolimus depending on the effect/concentration measurements.

Tacrolimus: Fluconazole may increase the serum concentrations of orally administered tacrolimus up to 5 times due to inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism through CYP3A4 in the intestines. No significant pharmacokinetic changes have been observed when tacrolimus is given intravenously. Increased tacrolimus levels have been associated with nephrotoxicity. Dose of orally administered tacrolimus should be decreased depending on tacrolimus concentration.

Losartan: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite (E-31 74) which is responsible for most of the angiotensin II- receptor antagonism which occurs during treatment with losartan. Patients should have their blood pressure monitored continuously.

Lurasidone: Moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as fluconazole may increase lurasidone plasma concentrations. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of lurasidone as instructed in the lurasidone prescribing information.

Methadone: Fluconazole may enhance the serum concentration of methadone. Dose adjustment of methadone may be necessary.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: The C_max and AUC of flurbiprofen was increased by 23% and 81%, respectively, when co-administered with fluconazole compared to administration of flurbiprofen alone. Similarly, the C_max and AUC of the pharmacologically active isomer [S-(+) ibuprofen] was increased by 15% and 82%, respectively, when fluconazole was co- administered with racemic ibuprofen (400 mg) compared to administration of racemic ibuprofen alone.

Although not specifically studied, fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of other NSAIDs that are metabolized by CYP2C9 (e.g. naproxen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, diclofenac). Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to NSAIDs is recommended. Adjustment of dose of NSAIDs may be needed.

Phenytoin: Fluconazole inhibits the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin. Concomitant repeated administration of 200 mg fluconazole and 250 mg phenytoin intravenously, caused an increase of the phenytoin AUC24 by 75% and C_min by 128%. With co-administration, serum phenytoin concentration levels should be monitored in order to avoid phenytoin toxicity.

Prednisone: There was a case report that a liver-transplanted patient treated with prednisone developed acute adrenal cortex insufficiency when a three month therapy with fluconazole was discontinued. The discontinuation of fluconazole presumably caused an enhanced CYP3A4 activity which led to increased metabolism of prednisone. Patients on long-term treatment with fluconazole and prednisone should be carefully monitored for adrenal cortex insufficiency when fluconazole is discontinued.

Rifabutin: Fluconazole increases serum concentrations of rifabutin, leading to increase in the AUC of rifabutin up to 80%. There have been reports of uveitis in patients to whom fluconazole and rifabutin were co-administered. In combination therapy, symptoms of rifabutin toxicity should be taken into consideration.

Saquinavir: Fluconazole increases the AUC and C_max of saquinavir with approximately 50% and 55% respectively, due to inhibition of saquinavir's hepatic metabolism by CYP3A4 and inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Interaction with saquinavir/ritonavir has not been studied and might be more marked. Dose adjustment of saquinavir may be necessary.

Sulfonylureas: Fluconazole has been shown to prolong the serum half-life of concomitantly administered oral sulfonylureas (e.g., chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, tolbutamide) in healthy volunteers. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose and appropriate reduction of sulfonylurea dose is recommended during co-administration.

Theophylline: In a placebo controlled interaction study, the administration of fluconazole 200 mg for 14 days resulted in an 18% decrease in the mean plasma clearance rate of theophylline. Patients who are receiving high dose theophylline or who are otherwise at increased risk for theophylline toxicity should be observed for signs of theophylline toxicity while receiving fluconazole. Therapy should be modified if signs of toxicity develop. Tofacitinib: Exposure of tofacitinib is increased when tofacitinib is co-administered with medications that result in both moderate inhibition of CYP3A4 and strong inhibition of CYP2C19 (e.g., fluconazole). Therefore, it is recommended to reduce tofacitinib dose to 5 mg once daily when it is combined with these drugs.

Tolvaptan: Exposure to tolvaptan is significantly increased (200 % in AUC; 80% in Cmax) when tolvaptan, a CYP3A4 substrate, is co-administered with fluconazole, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, with risk of significant increase in adverse reactions particularly significant diuresis, dehydration and acute renal failure. In case of concomitant use, the tolvaptan dose should be reduced as instructed in the tolvaptan prescribing information and the patient should be frequently monitored for any adverse reactions associated with tolvaptan.

Vinca alkaloids: Although not studied, fluconazole may increase the plasma levels of the vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine and vinblastine) and lead to neurotoxicity, which is possibly due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4.

Vitamin A: Based on a case-report in one patient receiving combination therapy with all-trans-retinoid acid (an acid form of vitamin A) and fluconazole, CNS related undesirable effects have developed in the form of pseudotumour cerebri, which disappeared after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment. This combination may be used but the incidence of CNS related undesirable effects should be borne in mind.

Voriconazole: (CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 inhibitor): Co- administration of oral voriconazole (400 mg Q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg Q12h for 2.5 days) and oral fluconazole (400 mg on day 1, then 200 mg Q24h for 4 days) to 8 healthy male subjects resulted in an increase in C_max and AUC of voriconazole by an average of 57% (90% CI: 20%, 107%) and 79% (90% CI: 40%, 128%), respectively. The reduced dose and/or frequency of voriconazole and fluconazole that would eliminate this effect have not been established. Monitoring for voriconazole associated adverse events is recommended if voriconazole is used sequentially after fluconazole.

Zidovudine: Fluconazole increases C_max and AUC of zidovudine by 84% and 74%, respectively, due to an approx. 45% decrease in oral zidovudine clearance. The half-life of zidovudine was likewise prolonged by approximately 128% following combination therapy with fluconazole. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the development of zidovudine-related adverse reactions. Dose reduction of zidovudine may be considered.

Azithromycin: An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study in 18 healthy subjects assessed the effect of a single 1200 mg oral dose of azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of a single 800 mg oral dose of fluconazole as well as the effects of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fluconazole and azithromycin.

Oral contraceptives: Two pharmacokinetic studies with a combined oral contraceptive have been performed using multiple doses of fluconazole. There were no relevant effects on hormone level in the 50 mg fluconazole study, while at 200 mg daily, the AUCs of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel were increased 40% and 24%, respectively. Thus, multiple dose use of fluconazole at these doses is unlikely to have an effect on the efficacy of the combined oral contraceptive.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Women of childbearing potential

Before initiating treatment, the patient should be informed of the potential risk to the fetus.

After single dose treatment, a washout period of 1 week (corresponding to 5-6 half-lives) is recommended before becoming pregnant (see section 5.2).

For longer courses of treatment, contraception may be considered, as appropriate, in women of childbearing potential throughout the treatment period and for 1 week after the final dose.

Pregnancy:

Observational studies suggest an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in women treated with fluconazole during the first and/or second trimester compared to women not trated with Flucanazole or treated with topical azoles during the same period.

Data from several thousand pregnant women treated with a cumulative dose of ≤ 150 mg of fluconazole, administered in the first trimester, show no increase in the overall risk of malformations in the foetus. In one large observational cohort study, first trimester exposure to oral fluconazole was associated with a small increased risk of musculoskeletal malformations, corresponding to approximately 1 additional case per 1000 women treated with cumulative doses ≤ 450 mg compared with women treated with topical azoles and to approximately 4 additional cases per 1000 women treated with cumulative doses over 450 mg. The adjusted relative risk was 1.29 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.58) for 150 mg oral fluconazole and 1.98 (95% CI 1.23 to 3.17) for doses over 450 mg fluconazole.

Available epidemiological studies on cardiac malformations with use of fluconazole during pregnancy provide inconsistent results. However, a meta-analysis of 5 observational studies including several thousand pregnant women exposed to fluconazole during the first trimester finds a 1.8-2 fold increased risk of cardiac malformations when compared to no fluconazole use and/or topical azoles use.

Case reports describe a pattern of birth defects among infants whose mothers received high-dose (400 to 800 mg/day) fluconazole during pregnancy for 3 months or more, in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. The birth defects seen in these infants include brachycephaly, ears dysplasia, giant anterior fontanelles, femoral bowing and radio-humeral synostosis. A causal relationship between fluconazole use and these birth defects is uncertain.

Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).

Before becoming pregnant a washout period of approximately 1 week (corresponding to 5-6 half-lives)

is recommended after a single-dose or discontinuation of a course of treatment (see section 5.2).

Fluconazole in standard doses and short-term treatments should not be used in pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Fluconazole in high dose and/or in prolonged regimens should not be used during pregnancy except for potentially life-threatening infections.

Breast-feeding

Fluconazole is secreted in human breast milk at concentrations lower than those in plasma (see section 5.2). Breast feeding may be maintained after a single dose of 150mg Fluconazole or less. Breast-feeding is not recommended after repeated use, or after high-dose fluconazole. The developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Fluconazole and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from Fluconazole or from the underlying maternal condition.

Fertility

Fluconazole did not affect the fertility of male or female rats (see section 5.3).

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No studies have been performed on the effects of Fluconazole on the ability to drive or use machines.

Patients should be warned about the potential for dizziness or seizures (see section 4.8) while taking Fluconazole and should be advised not to drive or operate machines if any of these symptoms occur.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of safety profile

The most frequently (≥1/100 to <1/10) reported adverse reactions are headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased and rash. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) has been reported in association with fluconazole treatment (see section 4.4).

The following undesirable effects have been observed and reported during treatment with fluconazole with the following frequencies: Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1000, <1/100); rare (≥1/10000, <1/1000) and very rare (<1/10000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

*: Including fixed drug eruption.

Paediatric Population

The pattern and incidence of adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities recorded during paediatric clinical trials, excluding the genital candidiasis indication are comparable to those seen in adults.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9 Overdose

There have been reports of overdose with Fluconazole and hallucination and paranoid behaviour have been concomitantly reported.

In the event of overdose, symptomatic treatment (with supportive measures and gastric lavage if necessary) may be adequate.

Fluconazole is largely excreted in the urine; forced volume diuresis would probably increase the elimination rate. A three-hour haemodialysis session decreases plasma levels by approximately 50%.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antimycotics for Systemic Use, triazole derivatives ATC Code: J02AC01

Mechanism of action:

Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal agent. Its primary mode of action is the inhibition of fungal cytochrome P-450-mediated 14 alpha-lanosterol demethylation, an essential step in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. The accumulation of 14 alpha-methyl sterols correlates with the subsequent loss of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and may be responsible for the antifungal activity of fluconazole. Fluconazole has been shown to be more selective for fungal cytochrome P-450 enzymes than for various mammalian cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems.

Fluconazole 50mg daily given up to 28 days has been shown not to affect testosterone plasma concentrations in males or steroid concentrations in females of child-bearing age. Fluconazole 200-400mg daily has no clinically significant effect on endogenous steroid levels or on ACTH stimulated response in healthy male volunteers. Interaction studies with antipyrine indicate that single or multiple doses of fluconazole 50mg do not affect its metabolism.

Susceptibility in vitro:

In vitro, fluconazole displays antifungal activity against most clinically common Candida species (including C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis). C. glabrata shows reduced susceptibility to fluconazole while C. krusei and C. auris are resistant to fluconazole. The wild-type population of C.glabrata is of intermediate susceptibility (I) to fluconazole. The MICs and epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) of fluconazole for C.guilliermondii are higher than C.albicans. The recently emerging species C.auris tends to be relatively resistant to fluconazole.

Fluconazole also exhibits activity in vitro against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii as well as the endemic moulds Blastomyces dermatiditis, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship

In animal studies, there is a correlation between MIC values and efficacy against experimental mycoses due to Candida spp. In clinical studies, there is an almost 1:1 linear relationship between the AUC and the dose of fluconazole. There is also a direct though imperfect relationship between the AUC or dose and a successful clinical response of oral candidosis and to a lesser extent candidaemia to treatment. Similarly cure is less likely for infections caused by strains with a higher fluconazole MIC.

Mechanisms of resistance

Candida spp have developed a number of resistance mechanisms to azole antifungal agents. Fungal strains which have developed one or more of these resistance mechanisms are known to exhibit high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to fluconazole which impacts adversely efficacy in vivo and clinically.

In usually susceptible species of Candida, the most commonly encountered mechanism of resistance development involves the target enzymes of the azoles, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Resistance may be caused by mutation, increased production of an enzyme, drug efflux mechanisms, or the development of compensatory pathways.

There have been reports of superinfection with Candida species other than C. albicans, which often have inherently reduced susceptibility (C.glabrata) or resistance to fluconazole (e.g. C.krusei, C.auris). Such infections may require alternative antifungal therapy. The resistance mechanisms have not been completely elucidated in some intrinsically resistant (C.krusei) or emerging (C.auris) species of Candida.

Break points (according to EUCAST)

Based on analyses of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data, susceptibility in vitro and clinical response EUCAST-AFST (European Committee on Antimicrobial susceptibility Testing-subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing) has determined breakpoints for fluconazole for Candida species (EUCAST Fluconazole rational document (2020)-version 3; European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Antifungal agents, Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs, Version 10.0, valid from 2020-02-04). These have been divided into non-species related breakpoints; which have been determined mainly on the basis of PK/PD data and are independent of MIC distributions of specific species, and species related breakpoints for those species most frequently associated with human infection. These breakpoints are given in the table below:

≤

S = Susceptible, R = Resistant

A. = Non-species related breakpoints have been determined mainly on the basis of PK/PD data and are independent of MIC distributions of specific species. They are for use only for organisms that do not have specific breakpoints.

-- = Susceptibility testing not recommended as the species is a poor target for therapy with the medicinal product.

* = The entire C.glabrata is in the I category. MICs against C.glabrata should be interpreted as resistant when above 16 mg/L. Susceptible category (≤0.001 mg/L) is simply to avoid misclassification of ‘I’ strains as ‘S’ strains. I-susceptible, increased exposure: A microorganism is categorized as Susceptible, increased exposure when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success because exposure to the agent is increased by adjusting the dosing regimen or by its concentration at the site of infection.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

The pharmacokinetic properties of fluconazole are similar following administration by the intravenous or oral route.

Absorption

After oral administration fluconazole is well absorbed and plasma levels (and systemic bioavailability) are over 90% of the levels achieved after intravenous administration. Oral absorption is not affected by concomitant food intake. Peak plasma concentrations in the fasting state occur between 0.5 and 1.5 hours post-dose. Plasma concentrations are proportional to dose. Ninety percent steady-state levels are reached by day 4 -5 with multiple once daily dosing.

Administration of a loading dose (on day 1) of twice the usual daily dose enables plasma levels to approximate to 90% steady-state levels by day 2.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution approximates to total body water. Plasma protein binding is low (11-12%).

Fluconazole achieves good penetration in all body fluids studied. The levels of fluconazole in saliva and sputum are similar to plasma levels. In patients with fungal meningitis, fluconazole levels in the CSF are approximately 80% of the corresponding plasma levels. High skin concentrations of fluconazole, above serum concentrations, are achieved in the stratum corneum, epidermis-dermis and eccrine sweat. Fluconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum. At a dose of 50mg once daily, the concentration of fluconazole after 12 days was 73 microgram/g and 7 days after cessation of treatment the concentration was still 5.8 microgram/g. At the 150 mg once-a-week dose, the concentration of fluconazole in stratum corneum on day 7 was 23.4 μg/g and 7 days after the second dose was still 7.1 μg/g. Concentration of fluconazole in nails after 4 months of 150 mg once-a-week dosing was 4.05 μg/g in healthy and 1.8 μg/g in diseased nails; and, fluconazole was still measurable in nail samples 6 months after the end of therapy.

Biotransformation

Fluconazole is metabolised only to a minor extent. Of a radioactive dose, only 11% is excreted in a changed form in the urine. Fluconazole is a moderate inhibitor of the isozymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 (see section 4.5). Fluconazole is also a strong inhibitor of the isozyme CYP2C19.

Elimination

Plasma elimination half-life for fluconazole is approximately 30 hours. The major route of excretion is renal, with approximately 80% of the administered dose appearing in the urine as unchanged medicinal product. Fluconazole clearance is proportional to creatinine clearance. There is no evidence of circulating metabolites.

The long plasma elimination half-life provides the basis for single dose therapy for vaginal candidiasis, once daily and once weekly dosing for other indications.

Pharmacokinetics in renal impairment

In patients with severe renal insufficiency, (GFR< 20 ml/min) half-life increased from 30 to 98 hours. Consequently, reduction of the dose is needed. Fluconazole is removed by haemodialysis and to a lesser extent by peritoneal dialysis. After three hours of haemodialysis session, around 50% of fluconazole is eliminated from blood.

Pharmacokinetics during lactation

A pharmacokinetic study in ten lactating women, who had temporarily or permanently stopped breast-feeding their infants, evaluated fluconazole concentrations in plasma and breast milk for 48 hours following a single 150 mg dose of Fluconazole. Fluconazole was detected in breast milk at an average concentration of approximately 98% of those in maternal plasma. The mean peak breast milk concentration was 2.61 mg/L at 5.2 hours post-dose. The estimated daily infant dose of fluconazole from breast milk (assuming mean milk consumption of 150 ml/kg/day) based on the mean peak milk concentration is 0.39 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 40% of the recommended neonatal dose (<2 weeks of age) or 13% of the recommended infant dose for mucosal candidiasis.

Pharmacokinetics in children

Pharmacokinetic data were assessed for 113 paediatric patients from 5 studies; 2 single-dose studies, 2 multiple-dose studies, and a study in premature neonates. Data from one study were not interpretable due to changes in formulation pathway through the study. Additional data were available from a compassionate use study.

After administration of 2-8 mg/kg fluconazole to children between the ages of 9 months to 15 years, an AUC of about 38 μg•h/ml was found per 1 mg/kg dose units. The average fluconazole plasma elimination halflife varied between 15 and 18 hours and the distribution volume was approximately 880 ml/kg after multiple doses. A higher fluconazole plasma elimination half-life of approximately 24 hours was found after a single dose. This is comparable with the fluconazole plasma elimination half- life after a single administration of 3 mg/kg i.v. to children of 11 days-11 months old. The distribution volume in this age group was about 950 ml/kg.

Experience with fluconazole in neonates is limited to pharmacokinetic studies in premature new borns. The mean age at first dose was 24 hours (range 9-36 hours) and mean birth weight was 0.9 kg (range 0.75-1.10 kg) for 12 pre-term neonates of average gestation around 28 weeks. Seven patients completed the protocol; a maximum of five 6 mg/kg intravenous infusions of fluconazole were administered every 72 hours. The mean half-life (hours) was 74 (range 44-185) on day 1 which decreased, with time to a mean of 53 (range 30-131) on day 7 and 47 (range 27-68) on day 13. The area under the curve (microgram.h/ml) was 271 (range 173-385) on day 1 and increased with a mean of 490 (range 292-734) on day 7 and decreased with a mean of 360 (range 167-566) on day 13. The volume of distribution (ml/kg) was 1183 (range 1070-1470) on day 1 and increased, with time, to a mean of 1184 (range 510- 2130) on day 7 and 1328 (range 1040-1680) on day 13.

Pharmacokinetics in elderly

A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 22 subjects, 65 years of age or older receiving a single 50 mg oral dose of fluconazole. Ten of these patients were concomitantly receiving diuretics. The C_max was 1.54 µg/ml and occurred at 1.3 hours post-dose. The mean AUC was 76.4 ± 20.3 µg·h/ml, and the mean terminal half-life was 46.2 hours. These pharmacokinetic parameter values are higher than analogous values reported for normal young male volunteers. Co-administation of diuretics did not significantly alter AUC or C_max. In addition, creatinine clearance (74 ml/min), the percent of medicinal product recovered unchanged in urine (0-24 hr, 22%) and the fluconazole renal clearance estimates (0.124 ml/min/kg) for the elderly were generally lower than those of younger volunteers. Thus, the alteration of fluconazole disposition in the elderly appears to be related to reduced renal function characteristics of this group.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Effects in nonclinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.

Carcinogenesis

Fluconazole showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential in mice and rats treated orally for 24 months at doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day (approximately 27 times the recommended human dose). Male rats treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg/day had an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas.

Mutagenesis

Fluconazole, with or without metabolic activation, was negative in tests for mutagenicity in 4 strains of Salmonella typhimurium, and in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y system. Cytogenetic studies in vivo (murine bone marrow cells, following oral administration of fluconazole) and in vitro (human lymphocytes exposed to fluconazole at 1000 μg/ml) showed no evidence of chromosomal mutations.

Reproductive toxicity

Fluconazole did not affect the fertility of male or female rats treated orally with daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg or with parenteral doses of 5, 25, or 75 mg/kg.

There were no foetal effects at 5 or 10 mg/kg; increases in foetal anatomical variants (supernumerary ribs, renal pelvis dilation) and delays in ossification were observed at 25 and 50 mg/kg and higher doses. At doses ranging from 80 mg/kg to 320 mg/kg embryolethality in rats was increased and foetal abnormalities included wavy ribs, cleft palate, and abnormal craniofacial ossification.

The onset of parturition was slightly delayed at 20 mg/kg orally and dystocia and prolongation of parturition were observed in a few dams at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg intravenously. The disturbances in parturition were reflected by a slight increase in the number of stillborn pups and decrease of neonatal survival at these dose levels. These effects on parturition are consistent with the species specific oestrogen-lowering property produced by high doses of fluconazole. Such a hormone change has not been observed in women treated with fluconazole (see section 5.1).

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Fluconazole Capsules contain:

Lactose monohydrate

Maize starch

Colloidal silicon dioxide

Magnesium stearate

Sodium lauryl sulphate

Gelatin

Titanium dioxide (E171)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

2 years.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

The product does not require any special storage requirements within Europe.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Fluconazole capsules are packed in opaque PVC blister packs with aluminium foil backing.

Fluconazole 200mg Capsules are supplied in packs of 7 capsules.

6.6 Instruction for use and handling

Not applicable.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Relonchem Limited

Cheshire House, Gorsey lane Widnes, WA8 0RP, United Kingdom.

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER

PL 20395/0043

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE

AUTHORISATION

20/05/2010

10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

11/12/2025