COLISTIMETHATE SODIUM 3 MIU POWDER FOR SOLUTION FOR INJECTION - summary of medicine characteristics

Colistimethate sodium 3 MIU, powder for solution for injection

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each vial contains:

Colistimethate sodium (Colistin methasulfonate sodium salt)........­.............­.............3

million international units (IU) (equivalent to approximately 240 mg).

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Powder for solution for injection.

White powder.

4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Colistimethate sodium 3 MIU is indicated in adults and children including neonates for the treatment of serious infections due to selected aerobic Gram-negative pathogens in patients with limited treatment options (see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 et 5.1).

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

The dose to be administered and the treatment duration should take into account the severity of the infection as well as the clinical response. Therapeutic guidelines should be adhered to.

The dose is expressed in international units (IU) of colistimethate sodium (CMS). A conversion table from CMS in IU to mg of CMS as well as to mg of colistin base activity (CBA) is included at the end of this section.

Posology

The following dose recommendations are made based on limited population-pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients (see section 4.4):

Adults and adolescents

Maintenance dose 9MIU/day in 2–3 divided doses

In patients who are critically ill, a loading dose of 9 MIU should be administered.

The most appropriate time interval to the first maintenance dose has not been established.

Modelling suggests that loading and maintenance doses of up to 12 MIU may be required in patients with good renal function in some cases. Clinical experience with such doses is however extremely limited, and safety has not been established.

The loading dose applies to patients with normal and impaired renal functions including those on renal replacement therapy.

Renal impairment

Dose adjustments in renal impairment are necessary, but pharmacokinetic data available for patients with impaired renal function is very limited.

The following dose adjustments are suggested as guidance.

Dose reductions are recommended for patients with creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min:

Twice daily dosing is recommended.

M IU = million IU

Haemodialysis and continuous haemo(dia)fil­tration

Colistin appears to be dialyzable through conventional haemodialysis and continuous venovenous haemo(dia)fil­tration (CVVHF, CVVHDF). There are extremely limited data from population PK studies from very small numbers of patients on renal replacement therapy. Firm dose recommendations cannot be made.

The following regimes could be considered.

Haemodialysis

No-HD days: 2.25 MIU/day (2.2–2.3 MIU/day).

HD days: 3 MIU/day on haemodialysis days, to be given after the HD session.

Twice daily dosing is recommended.

CVVHF/ CVVHDF

As in patients with normal renal function. Three times daily dosing is recommended.

Hepatic impairment

There are no data in patients with hepatic impairment. Caution is advised when administering colistimethate sodium in these patients.

Older people

No dose adjustments in older patients with normal renal function are considered necessary.

Paediatric population

The data supporting the dose regimen in paediatric patients are very limited. Renal maturity should be taken into consideration when selecting the dose. The dose should be based on lean body weight.

Children < 40 kg: 75 000 to 150 000 IU/kg/day divided into 3 doses.

For children with a body weight above 40 kg, use of the dosing recommendation for adults should be considered.

The use of doses >150.000 IU/kg/day has been reported in children with cystic fibrosis.

There are no data regarding the use or magnitude of a loading dose in critically ill children.

No dose recommendations have been established in children with impaired renal function.

Intrathecal and intraventricular administration

Based on limited data, the following dose is recommended in adults:

Intraventricular route

125 000 IU/day

Intrathecally administered doses should not exceed those recommended for intraventricu­lar use.

No specific dosing recommendation can be made in children for intrathecal and intraventricular routes of administration.

For intrathecal and intraventricular routes of administration it is recommended to use the 1 MIU strength.

Method of administration

This medicine is administered intravenously as a slow infusion over 30 – 60 minutes.

Colistimethate sodium undergoes hydrolysis to the active substance colistin in aqueous solution. For dose preparation, particularly where combination of multiple vials is needed, reconstitution of the required dose must be performed using strict aseptic technique (see section 6.6).

Dose conversion table:

In the EU, the dose of colistimethate sodium (CMS) must be prescribed and administered only as International Units (IU). The product label states the number of IU per vial.

Confusion and medication errors have occurred because of the different expressions of dose in terms of potency. The dose is expressed in the US, and other parts of the world, as milligrams of colistin base activity (mg CBA).

The following conversion table is prepared for information and the values must be considered nominal and approximate only.

CMS conversion table

Nominal potency of the drug substance = 12.500 IU/mg

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substance, the colistin base and other antibiotics from the polymyxin group.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Consideration should be given to co-administering intravenous colistimethate sodium with another antibacterial agent whenever this is possible, taking into account the remaining susceptibilities of the pathogen(s) under treatment. As the development of resistance to intravenous colistin has been reported in particular when it is used as a monotherapy, co- administration with other antibacterial should also be considered in order to prevent the emergence of resistance.

There are limited clinical data on the efficacy and safety of intravenous colistimethate sodium. The recommended doses in all subpopulations are equally based on limited data (clinical and pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamics data). In particular there are limited safety data for the use of high doses (> 6MIU/day) and the use of a loading dose, and for special populations (patients with renal impairment and the paediatric population). Colistimethate sodium should only be used when other, more commonly prescribed antibiotics are not effective or not appropriate.

Renal function monitoring should be performed at the start of treatment and regularly during treatment in all patients. The dose of colistimethate sodium should be adjusted according to creatinine clearance (see section 4.2). Patients who are hypovolaemic or those receiving other potentially nephrotoxic drugs are at increased risk of nephrotoxicity from colistin (see sections 4.5 and 4.8).

Nephrotoxicity has been reported to be associated with cumulative dose and treatment duration in some studies. The benefit of prolonged treatment duration should be balanced against the potentially increased risk of renal toxicity.

Caution is advised when administering colistimethate sodium to infants < 1 year of age as renal function is not fully mature in this age group. Further, the effect of immature renal and metabolic function on the conversion of colistimethate sodium to colistin is not known.

In case of an allergic reaction, treatment with colistimethate sodium must be discontinued and appropriate measures implemented.

High serum concentrations of colistimethate sodium, which may be associated with overdosage or failure to reduce the dosage in patients with renal impairment, have been reported to lead to neurotoxic effects such as facial paraesthesia, muscle weakness, vertigo, slurred speech, vasomotor instability, visual disturbances, confusion, psychosis and apnoea. Monitoring should be performed for perioral paraesthesia and paraesthesia in the extremities, which are signs of overdose (see section 4.9).

Colistimethate sodium is known to reduce the presynaptic release of acetyl-choline at the neuro-muscular junction and should be used in patients with myasthenia gravis with the greatest caution and only if clearly needed.

Respiratory arrest has been reported following intramuscular administration of colistimethate sodium. Impaired renal function increases the possibility of apnoea and neuromuscular blockade following administration of colistimethate sodium.

Colistimethate sodium should be used with extreme caution in patients with porphyria.

Antibiotic-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported with nearly all anti-bacterial agents and may occur with colistimethate sodium. They may range from mild to life-threatening in severity. It is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who develop diarrhoea during or after the use of colistimethate sodium (see section 4.8). Discontinuation of therapy and the administration of specific treatment for Clostridium difficile should be considered. Medicinal products that inhibit peristalsis should not be given.

Intravenous colistimethate sodium does not cross the blood brain barrier to a clinically relevant extent. The use of intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistimethate sodium in the treatment of meningitis was not systematically investigated in clinical trials and is supported by case reports only. Data supporting the posology are very limited. The most commonly observed adverse effect of CMS administration into the CNS was aseptic meningitis (see section 4.8).

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial of reconstituted solution for injection, i.e. essentially ‘sodium- free.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Nephrotoxic agents

Concomitant use of intravenous colistimethate sodium with other medications that are potentially nephrotoxic or neurotoxic should be undertaken with great caution.

Combined administration with drugs presenting renal toxicity increases the risk of nephrotoxicity. If such combination is necessary, particular caution is necessary.. Such medicines include for example iodinated contrast agents, aminoglycosides antibiotics such as gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin and tobramycin, organoplatinum compounds, high-dose methotrexate, some antiviral agents (such as “ciclovirs”, foscarnet), pentamidine, ciclosporin or tacrolimus.

There may be an increased risk of nephrotoxicity if given concomitantly with cephalosporin antibiotics.

Caution should be taken with concomitant use with other formulations of colistimethate sodium as there is little experience and there is a possibility of summative toxicity.

No in vivo interaction studies have been performed. The mechanism of conversion of colistimethate sodium to the active substance, colistin, is not characterised. The mechanism of colistin clearance, including renal handling, is equally unknown. Colistimethate sodium or colistin did not induce the activity of any P 450 (CYP) enzyme tested (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19 and 3A4/5) in in vitro studies in human hepatocytes.

The potential for drug-drug interactions should be borne in mind when Colistimethate is co-administered with drugs known to inhibit or induce drug metabolising enzymes or drugs known to be substrates for renal carrier mechanisms.

Due to the effects of colistin on the release of acetylcholine, non-depolarising muscle relaxants should be used with caution in patients receiving colistimethate sodium as their effects could be prolonged (see section 4.4). Neuromuscular blockade should be monitored at the end of the anesthetic.

Co-treatment with colistimethate sodium and macrolides such as azithromycin and clarithromycin, or fluoroquinolones such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin should be undertaken with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis (see section 4.4).

Specific problems of INR imbalance

Numerous cases of increased oral anticoagulant activity have been reported in patients receiving antibiotics. Marked infectious or inflammatory status, age and the patient’s general condition seem to be risk factors. In these circumstances, it seems difficult to distinguish whether onset of INR imbalance is due to the infectious disease itself or its treatment. However, certain groups of antibiotics are more implicated than others, notably fluoroquinolones, macrolides, cyclins, cotrimoxazole and certain cephalosporins.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Reproductive toxicity studies in animals do not indicate a potential for teratogenicity when use by intravenous route (see section 5.3). There is evidence that colistimethate sodium crosses the placenta and consequently there is potential for foetal toxicity if administered during pregnancy. Hence, Colistimethate sodium should only be given during pregnancy if the benefits outweigh any potential risk.

Breast-feeding

Colistimethate sodium is excreted in breast milk; hence breast feeding is not recommended during therapy.

Fertility

There are no data on the effects of colistimethate sodium on human fertility. No effects on male and female fertility in animal studies have been reported.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Neurotoxicity, characterised by dizziness, confusion or visual disturbances have been reported following parenteral administration of colistimethate sodium. If these effects occur patients should be warned against driving or operating machinery.

4.8 Undesirable effects

The likelihood of adverse events may be related to the age, renal function and condition of the patient.

The most commonly reported adverse reaction is renal function impairment, and more rarely renal failure, usually following use of higher than recommended doses in patients with normal renal function, or failure to reduce the dosage in patients with renal impairment or when used concomitantly with other nephrotoxic antibiotics, or in case of long-term treatment.

Renal impairment may occur from the first days of treatment onwards. The effect is usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy, but rarely intervention (renal replacement therapy) may be required.

High serum concentrations of colistimethate sodium, which may be associated with overdosage or failure to reduce the dosage in patients with renal impairment, have been reported to lead to neurotoxic effects such as facial paraesthesia, paraesthesia of extremities, muscle weakness, vertigo, slurred speech, vasomotor instability, visual disturbances, confusion, temporospatial disorientation, psychosis and apnoea.

Reducing the dose may alleviate symptoms.

These neurological disorders are more common if treatment exceeds 8 days, even in the absence of prior renal impairment. Concomitant use with either non-depolarising muscle relaxants or antibiotics with similar neurotoxic effects can also lead to neurotoxicity. Neuromuscular blockade when combined with depolarising muscle agents or in cases of poor renal clearance are reported. Dose reduction of colistimethate sodium may relieve symptoms.

Hypersensitivity reactions such as skin rash and angioedema have been known to occur. In the event such reactions occur, treatment with colistimethate sodium should be withdrawn.

With intrathecal or intraventricular administration, signs of meningeal irritation may occur.

Adverse reactions are tabulated below by system organ class and frequency.

Frequencies are defined as Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions:

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme, Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store

4.9 Overdose

Signs relating to neuropsychiatric disorders (paraesthesia of the perioral region and extremities, temporospatial disorientation, states of confusion) have been observed in cases of overdose. Overdosage may cause renal insufficiency, renal failure, apnoea, muscle weakness, vertigo, slurred speech, vasomotor instability, visual disturbances, confusion and psychosis and other neuropsychiatric disorders such as paraesthesia of the perioral region and extremities, temporospatial disorientation and neuromuscular blockade.

No antidote is available.

Management of overdose is by means of supportive treatment and measures designed to increase clearance of colistimethate sodium such as inducing an osmotic diuresis with mannitol, peritoneal dialysis or prolonged haemodialysis. In case of respiratory paralysis, symptomatic treatment and assisted breathing if necessary.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antibacterials for systemic use, other antibacterials, polymyxins.

ATC Code: J01XB01

Mechanism of action

Colistin is a cyclic polypeptide antibacterial agent belonging to the polymyxin group. Polymyxins work by damaging the cell membrane and the resulting physiological effects are lethal to the bacterium. Polymyxins are selective for aerobic Gramnegative bacteria that have a hydrophobic outer membrane.

Resistance

Resistant bacteria are characterised by modification of the phosphate groups of lipopolysaccharide, which become substituted with ethanolamine or aminoarabinose. Naturally resistant Gram-negative bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis and Burkholderia cepacia, show complete substitution of their lipid phosphate by ethanolamine or aminoarabinose.

Cross resistance between colistin (polymyxin E) and polymyxin B is expected. Since the mechanism of action of the polymyxins is different from that of other antibacterial agents, resistance to colistin and polymyxin by the above mechanism alone would not be expected to result in resistance to other drug classes.

PK/PD relationship

Polymyxins have been reported to have a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on susceptible bacteria. fAUC/ MIC is considered to be correlated with clinical efficacy.

EUCAST Breakpoints 2016–01–01 v6.0

a Breakpoints apply to dosage of 2–3 MIU x 3. A loading dose (9 MIU) may be needed.

Susceptibility

The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent, in at least some types of infections, is questionable.

COMMONLY SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES

Acinetobacter baumannii

Haemophilus influenzae

Klebsiella spp

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

SPECIES FOR WHICH ACQUIRED RESISTANCE MAY BE~A PROBLEM

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Achromobacter xylosoxidans (formely Alcaligenes xylosoxidans)

INHERENTLY RESISTANT ORGANISMS

Burkholderia cepacia and related species

Proteus spp

Providencia spp

Serratia spp

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

The information on the pharmacokinetics of colistimethate sodium (CMS) and colistin is limited. There are indications that pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients differ from those in patients with less severe physiological derangement and from those in healthy volunteers. The following data are based on studies using HPLC to determine CMS/colistin plasma concentrations.

Colistimethate sodium is the prodrug of colistin. After infusion of colistimethate sodium the inactive pro-drug is converted to the active colistin. Peak plasma concentrations of colistin have been shown to occur with a delay of up to 7 hours after administration of colistimethate sodium in critically ill patients.

Distribution

The volume of distribution of colistin in healthy subjects is low and corresponds approximately to extracellular fluid (ECF). The volume of distribution is relevantly enlarged in critically ill subjects. Protein binding is moderate and decreases at higher concentrations. In the absence of meningeal inflammation, penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is minimal, but increases in the presence of meningeal inflammation.

Both CMS and colistin display linear PK in the clinically relevant dose range.

Elimination

It is estimated that approximately 30% of colistimethate sodium is converted to colistin in healthy subjects, its clearance is dependent on creatinine clearance and as renal function decreases, a greater portion of CMS is converted to colistin. In patients with very poor renal function (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min), the extent of conversion could be as high as 60 to 70%. CMS is eliminated predominantly by the kidneys via glomerular filtration. In healthy subjects, 60% to 70% of CMS is excreted unchanged in the urine within 24 hours.

The elimination of the active colistin is incompletely characterised. Colistin undergoes extensive renal tubular reabsorption and may either be cleared non-renally or undergo renal metabolism with the potential for renal accumulation. Colistin clearance is decreased in renal impairment, possibly due to increased conversion of CMS.

Half-life of colistin in healthy subjects and those with cystic fibrosis is reported to be around 3h and 4h, respectively, with a total clearance of around 3L/h. In critically ill patients, half-life has been reported to be prolonged to around 9–18h.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Data on potential genotoxicity are limited and carcinogenicity data for colistimethate sodium are lacking. Colistimethate sodium has been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, in vitro. This effect may be related to a reduction in mitotic index, which was also observed.

Reproductive toxicity studies in rats and mice do not indicate a potential for teratogenicity. However, in the rabbit, colistimethate sodium given intramuscularly during organogenesis at 4.15 and 9.3 mg/kg resulted in talipes varus in 2.6 and 2.9% of fetuses respectively. These doses are 0.5 and 1.2 times the maximum daily human dose. In addition, increased resorption occurred at 9.3 mg/kg.

No effects were seen on mouse or rat fertility at intravenous doses of up to 25 mg/kg/day.

There are no other preclinical safety data of relevance to the prescriber that are additional to safety data derived from patient exposure and already included in other sections of the SPC.

6.1 List of excipients None.

6.2 Incompatibilities

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in 6.6.

6.3

Before opening: 3 years.

After reconstitution :

Hydrolysis of colistimethate is significantly increased when reconstituted and diluted below its critical micelle concentration of about 80,000 IU per ml. Solutions below this concentration should be used immediately.

The chemical and physical in-use stability of reconstituted solution with a concentration > 80,000 IU/mL, has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 2 to 8°C.

From a microbiological point of view, unless opening/recon­stitution/dilu­tion exclude microbial contamination risks, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions following reconstitution/di­lution are the sole responsibility of the user

For solutions for infusion, which have been diluted beyond the original vial volume and / or with a concentration < 80,000 IU/mL and for intrathecal and intraventricular routes, should be used immediately.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

For storage conditions after reconstitution/di­lution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Powder in a 10 mL vial (colourless glass type I) sealed with an aluminium with white (3MIU) polypropylene flip-off aluminium cap.

Box of 1 vial with powder

Box of 10 vials with powder

Box of 30 vials with powder

Box of 50 vials with powder

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

For single use only and any remaining solution should be discarded.

Intravenous administration – infusion:

This medicinal product must be reconstituted, under aseptic conditions, with not more than 10 ml of a solution of sodium chloride solution 0.9% or water for injections (WFI). During reconstitution swirl gently to avoid frothing.

After reconstitution, the solution may be diluted usually with 50 ml of a solution of sodium chloride 0.9% for administration by infusion over 30–60 minutes. During reconstitution swirl gently to avoid frothing.

Intrathecal and intraventricular administration:

It is recommended to use the 1 MIU strength vial for both intrathecal and intraventricular routes of administration. For reconstitution instructions of the 1 MIU strength, please refer to the product information of the 1 MIU strength.

If the 3 MIU strength is used, one vial must be reconstituted, under aseptic conditions, with no more than 10 ml of sodium chloride 0.9% solution. During reconstitution swirl gently to avoid frothing. After reconstitution, the solution should be diluted to a total volume of 24 ml of sodium chloride 0.9% solution.

The concentration of the reconstituted solution is 125,000 IU/mL. The volume administered should not exceed 1 mL.

The pH of the reconstituted or diluted solution is 6.5–8.5.

Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

PANMEDICA

406 Bureaux de la Colline

92213 Saint-Cloud Cedex

FRANCE

8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 34328/0016

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THEAUTHORISATION

13/12/2018